THE LIGAMENTS. 109 



contributes only to the whole, and unites with the os. cuneiforms 

 by the cariilago-triangular (vide ante), but not immediately. On 

 both sides of the articular surface of the fore-arm we find proc. 

 styloidei. 



Ligaments: 1. Lig. capvulare antibrnchw-carpnlis, Giinther, before much 

 stronger than behind, covers the tig. cupsul. fiacr.'fnrme (vide ante). Attach- 

 ments : the Dorsal surface of the raff tits and Cartil. triangul. The Dorsal 

 surfaces of the three carpal hones. This is strengthened by Kg. rhnmhindeum 

 s. rudio'lunatn-hamtilum dorsale ; on the palmar surface completed by liga- 

 ments, which pass from the radius to os lunulum, naviculare, and pruc. nty- 

 bid. ulnae. 



2. Li g. later -ale extern nm, from the apox of the Froc. sfy/oid. radii, broad 

 to the outer border of the Os naviculiire ; strengthens the capsular ligament. 



3. Li. lattrale. inlernum, from the apex of the Pruc. sfy/m'd. itlnsc, round- 

 ish, with one portion for the Os pisifnrine, the other ibr the os Iriqnetru'n. 



The synovial capsule is loose posteriorly. Of the interarticular cartilage 

 or lig. Irumgukm, vide ante. 



Movements: 1. Flexion. The three carpal bones glide from 

 before, backwards; the posterior capsular ligament and the ten- 

 dons of the extensor muscles are stretched. 



2. Extension. The three carpal bones glide from behind 

 forwards. The anterior capsular ligament and the Ligg. late- 

 ralia are stretched, and prevent, too great extension. 



3. Mduclion. The radial border of the hand is directed 

 towards that of the fore-arm ; Proc. Styloid. et extern, oss. 

 navicul. prevents farther movement. 



4. Adduction. The Ulna border of the hand inclines to that 

 of the fore-arrn ; Proc. sfy/oid. u/nss upon os triquetrum. Luxa- 

 tion is difficult and, always, only incomplete. 



\ 



124. VI. Connection of the Carpal Bones, Jimp hiar thro sis. 



The articular surfaces of the carpal bones of the first row are 

 oblique, those of the second row vertical. 



Ligaments: a. Lffrg. interossea, 1. Those of the first row are small fibrous 

 bundles between the articular surfaces ; of a reddish color. 2. Of the 

 second row, thicker and closer, on the entire surface of the bones. 



b. Ligg. voluria, thicker than 



c. Ligg. dorsa/ia. Both pass transversely or obliquely from the one carpal 

 bone to the other. 



Oi pigiftirme is united by l!g. cnpsulare and two It'gg. fttferafia with the os 

 citntif'irine by the lig. infr.riux exlernum with Pruc. unciform. oss. haniati, by 

 lig. inferiiis internum with us melacarpi V. 



125. VII. Connection of the two rows of the Carpal Bones, 



Arlicul. curpo-carpalis. 



Os capilalum and Os hamatum of the second row form toge- 

 ther an articular head, which sinks into an articular cavity formed 

 by 



