THE LIGAMENTS. 113 



3. Lig. teres femoris, one inch long, passes ftom the fovea pro. lig. terete upoa 

 the head of the femur, becoming broader in its course and dividing to be 

 attached to the fovea acetabuli. It lies between the two articular surfaces, is 

 sometimes very thin and even wanting. 



The synovial capsule lies inside the lig. capsidare, lines it, the neck of the 

 femur, the articular surfaces, the lig. teres, and is generally in connection on 

 the inner side of the Zona orbic., perforating the capsular ligament, with the 

 bursa iliaca, which is the bursal sac of the flexor femoris. 



Movements : 1 . Flexion, the thigh brought forwards : the head 

 of the femur rolls from before backwards in the acetabulum. In 

 consequence of the oblique position of the neck of the femur, it 

 is possible for the knee to touch the shoulder. 



2. Extension: this backward movement is limited by the pos- 

 terior portion of the neck of the femur striking against the edge 

 of the acetabulum, and the head is supported in its movement 

 forwards by the Zona orbicularis and m. psoas et iliacus. 



3. Abduction, the limb directed outwards. The head presses 

 against the internal relaxed portion of the Lig. capsul.; and this, 

 the lig. teres, and the meeting of the upper part of the neck of 

 the femur, and the edge of the acetabulum, prevents its escape. 



4. Adduction: one thigh approaches the other, and may crosa 

 it with the assistance of slight flexion. The depth of the ace- 

 tabulum and the strength of the capsular ligament above and 

 externally prevent the escape of the head upon this side. The 

 Lig. teres stretches ; it is torn in the dislocation of the thigh, so 

 frequent in this situation, from a fall upon the knee, &c. 



5. Rotation: The internal portion of the head of the thigh 

 moves horizontally forwards, the anterior of the shaft outwards; 

 and the reverse. Rotation is impossible in fracture of the neck 

 of the femur. 



130. II. Of the Thigh with the Leg Bone, Articulatio gems, 

 Knee-joint. 



Ginglymus. Articular surfaces : 1. On the femur, two roller- 

 like condyles, between which is a deep fossa; 2. On the tibia,- 

 in the centre the eminenlia media, on the sides fossae, for the 

 condyles ; 3. Patella, in the centre a vertical elevation, which 

 lies anteriorly in the Incissura inter-condyloidea oss.femor. All 

 the articular surfaces are smooth and covered with cartilage. In 

 addition : 







Cartilagines semilunares, two sickle-shaped cartilages, which lie between 

 the Condyl. oss. femoris et tibia, and are connected together by a delicate Kg. 

 transfers. Their external border is thick, the internal sharp, the anterior and 

 posterior cornua thin; by these the fossae, close to the eminentia tibia, are 

 deepened. The external, smaller, almost crescentic cartilage, nearly covers 

 the entire fossa. Its cornua are attached between the two tubarcles of the 



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