THE MUSCLES. 149 



Fasciae. 



252. 1. Fascia nuchse, between the first and second layer of 

 cervical muscles, blends before with the cucullar. in the fasc. 

 cervical., behind in the Kg nuchse. 2. F. lumbo-dorsalis. a. 

 Superficial posterior layer, connected above with the last men- 

 tioned, descends from the spinous process of the tenth vertebrae 

 to the last Sacral, attaching itself externally and below to the 

 Crista lid, externally and above to the angul. post, scapulae; is 

 covered above by Mm. cucullaris, rhomboideus and lalissim. 

 dorsi, below only by the skin of the back. b. Deep, anterior 

 layer, between the twelfth rib and cristailei, forms between Proc. 

 tramv. vertebrae lumbalis and the twelfth rib a tendinous cres- 

 centic margin, and with the superficial layer a triangular sheath 

 for the third and fourth layers of muscles. 



V. Abdominal Muscles, Mm. abdominales. 



253. 1. Obliquus abdominis externus s. descendens. 



Pos. in front and on the side of the abdomen, close behind the 

 skin, broad and four-sided, oblique ; before the following muscles, 

 the anterior portion of the seventh and eighth last ribs ; covered 

 on the posterior border by latissim. dorsi. Or. : Fifth to the 

 twelfth ribs (with seven to eight attachments forming dentations 

 with M. Serratus magnus) 2 to 3" broad from the inferior border, 

 fleshy. Ins.: 1. the crest of the Ilium (lab. extern.)', 2. the 

 linea alba, with a wide aponeurosis. Direction of the fibres from 

 above downwards and from behind forwards. Use: 1. contracts 

 the abdominal cavity ; 2. draws the ribs downwards, and thereby 

 flexes the thorax; or, 3. if this is fixed, the pelvis (m. exspira- 

 torius). 



254. 2. Obliquus abdominis internus s. ascendens. 



Pos. : behind the last m. covering the following ; before broader 

 than behind, where it reaches to the spinous processes ; the fleshy 

 part at the side of the abdomen. Or. : fleshy from the anterior 

 third of the crista ilei and lig. Poupartii. Ins. : Tenth to the 

 twelfth rib cartilages (the inferior border) ; and internally, Linea 

 alba, with a broad tendon. Use: the same as the preceding 

 muscle. 



255. 3. Transversus abdominis. 



Pos. : transverse around the abdomen, from proc. ensiform. as 

 ar as symphysis pubis, on the lumbar vertebrae between ilio- 

 costal. and quadrat, lumborum, separated from the diaphragm 

 behind it by fascia transversalis. The fibres pass directly from 



