THE MUSCLES. 185 



Or. : by two heads from the surfaces of two metatarsal bones as 

 they are turned to one another. Ins. : the fibula (external) bor- 

 der of the second to the fourth toe. Use : to draw the four 

 outer toes from the great toe. 



Nerves for 2. to 12.: plantaris extern, et inter nus. 



396. Fascism musculares pedis. z.fasc. dorsalis, a thin mem- 

 brane which, commencing behind from the fascia cruris, covers 

 the back of the foot, in front on the first phalanx of the toes 

 passing over into the sheaths of these, and at the sides into the 



fascia plantaris ; a superficial layer covers the tendons of extens. 

 digit, longus ; a central the extens. digit, brevis (before) ; a deep 

 the interossei. b. Mponeurosis plantaris, a thick, shining mem- 

 brane, which commences behind on the tuber Calcanei, at first 

 narrow, then broader, terminating in the region of the anterior 

 extremities of the metatarsal bones in four lappets, lacinix plan- 

 tares, which are divided, and form four sheaths for the tendons 

 of the flexor muscles of the second and four outer toes. These 

 sheaths are separated by three arches, under which the mm. lum- 

 bricales and interossei and the plantar vessels and nerves pass 

 away. The borders curve round from above and below, sur- 

 round the flexor digitor. brevis, and form septa between the 

 muscles of the centre and the outer and inner region of the sole 

 of the foot. Externally an apon. plantaris externa (attachment 

 of M. abduct, digiti minimi] passes off, which is attached in 

 front to the basis oss. metatarsi V., and forms a sheath for ab- 

 ductor andfiexor brevis digiti V. Internally a thinner, f. plan- 

 tar, intern., which commences behind between Malleolus intern. 

 and Calcaneus, is attached to the inner border of the Tarsus, and 

 forms a tendinous sheath fa? flexor and abductor brevis hallucis, 

 and art. and ven. plantar, intern. The central sheath encloses : 

 M. flexor digitor. brevis, tendo m. flexor digitor. and hallucis 

 longus, Caro quadrata Sylvii, lumbricales, adductor halluc. and 

 transversal, pedis, Vasa and nerv. plantares externi. Mm. inter- 

 ossei lie in separate sheaths. 



c. The ligaments and sheaths of the toes are analogous to those 

 of the fingers. 



Summary of the Actions of the Muscles. 

 I. Head. 



397. A. The whole head, the neck being fixed, moves : 



a. Forwards (flexion) : Sterno-cleido-mast., rectus capitis an- 

 ticus of both sides. 



b. Backwards (extension) : cucullaris, splenius capit., biventer 



