THE VISCERA. 197 



posterior extremity of the superior and that of the inferior alveolus, correspond 

 to the anterior border of the m. pterygoid. internus, consisting, to a great extent 

 (especially behind the last inferior molar tooth), of a series of glands. From 

 die Uvula two folds pass downwards on either side, the palatine arches, and 

 form the Isthmus faucium. 



1. Arcus palatinus anterior s. glosso-palatinus, the anterior palatine arch, 

 arises from the base of the uvula, is connected at the borders of the tongue, 

 in the region of the anterior extremities of the papilla calcina, which are 

 arranged in the figure of the letter V with these, and contains the mm, glosso- 

 palatini. 



2. Arcus palatinus posterior s. pharyngo-palatinus arises from the apex of the 

 uvula, passes obliquely downwards, backwards and outwards to the sides of 

 the pharynx, is smaller, but reaches farther inwards; it contains the mm. pha- 

 ryngo-palatini, and is uneven in consequence of a circle of glands. Between 

 the two arches are situated on either side in a depression, one of the 



3. Tonsils, tonsilla, amygdala, that is, a group of mucous follicles, com- 

 pound glands, which, directed obliquely downwards and forwards, is turned 

 towards the internal (free) surface of the perforated mucous membrane, co- 

 vered externally by the fascia pharyngea and the angle of the lower jaw. 

 The tonsils consist chiefly of uniting tissue disposed in channels in which 

 the numerous vessels pass, and between which the granular glandular mass 

 is placed with many excretory ducts. Arteries corne from art. labialis, pha- 

 ryng. inferior, lingual., palatina infer, and superior. Veins : plexus tonsillaris 

 from plexus pharyngeus. Nerves : are branches of N. lingual, and glosso-pha- 

 ryngeus, on the outer border. Function : to secrete mucus which lubricates 

 the fauces. 



4. Isthmus faucium. the fauces, that is, the opening between the palatine 

 arches, which may be contracted by the tonsils and by the play of the 

 muscles. 



The mucous membrane of the soft palate is covered with little glands (gl. 

 salivares), at the free extremity more delicate. The numerous arteries come 

 from Art. palatina ascendens and descendens. Veins: uf the same name. 

 Nerves : branches of rami palatini from Ganglion Meckelii and n. glosso-pharyn- 

 geus. (The uvula contains much loose uniting tissue, which is easily infil- 

 trated with blood or serum). Muscles (see before). 



Uses of the soft palate : in deglutition, speech and singing. 



429. 1. The Tongue, Lingua, yXwcroa, 



the muscular organ for taste, is situated above, before and at the 

 sides, free and moveable, in the cavity of the mouth, attached by 

 ligaments to the hyoid, bone and by muscles to this, to the Proc. 

 styloidei and lower jaw ; before horizontal, then curved and to- 

 wards the hyoid bone almost perpendicular. Here at the root, 

 radix s. basis linguse, it is also connected with the epiglottis. 

 Its point, apex, is placed close behind the incisor teeth. The 

 superior free surface, dor sum linguse, divided by a groove into 

 two lateral halves, is rough, covered with numerous mucous 

 glands and lingual papillae ; the inferior surface is free in the an- 

 terior third only; it presents in the centre a groove, at the sides 

 of which the Vv. raninss and Mm. linguales, and ihefrenulum, 



