198 SPECIAL ANATOMY. 



that is, a fold of the oral mucous membrane, which, abstractedly 

 of the muscles, attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth. On 

 either side of the frenulum behind the excretory ducts of the 

 salivary glands bursse mucosse are placed (according to Fleisch- 

 mann the seat of ranula). 



a. The substance of the tongue, caro lingua, consists for the most part of 

 m. lingualis, which forms, on the superior and inferior surfaces, a longitudinal 

 layer extending from the hyoid bone to the apex of the m. stylo-glossi, the 

 internal fibres of which are transverse, and mm. genio-glossi, the fibres of 

 which, curved above, pass vertically, and mm. hyo-glossi, which likewise enter 

 the tongue vertically between m. lingualis and stylo-glossi. In the centre of 

 the root, attached to the anterior surface of the Basis oss. hyoidei, a thin 

 lamina of cartilage is found, the inferior border of which lies between mm. 

 genio-glossi. 



b. The lingual membrane, involucrum s. cutis lingua, thicker than the mu- 

 cous membrane of the mouth, and firmly attached to the places where it is 

 beset with papillae, is covered with Epithelium (periglottis). It forms besides 

 the frenulum linguce, 3 ligg. glosso-epiglottica, from the root of the tongue to the 

 Epiglottis, and several triangular folds, fimbrice linguce, under the borders of 

 the tongue. 



c. Lingual, or gustatory papillae, papilla lingua, are small elevations upon 

 the back and edges of the tongue, composed of condensed uniting tissue, and 

 provided with capillary vessels and delicate nerve filaments. 



1. Papilla vallata, s. truncate s. . calicina, 7 16 20, in the form of a 

 capital V (the apex behind the last called/orawen caecum s. Meibomii) at the 

 root of the tongue, like an inverted cone, surrounded all round with a fossa 

 and a wall. 



2. Pap. conica, filiformes, the smallest and most numerous, lying on the 

 apex and the anterior part of the back of the tongue, in an oblique direction 

 from before, backwards. 



3. Pap. lenticulares s. fungiformes, which, shaped like a club, are found dis- 

 persed between the Pap. conica. At the edges obliquely inwards towards 

 the root of the tongue, we find four or five parallel fissures beset with nervous 

 papillae; these are ruga transversa jlrnoldi (s. pap. lingualis foliata, Mayer). 



Uniting and adipose tissue is dispersed particularly at the posterior part of 

 the tongue. 



Vessels : Artt. and Ven. linguales, palatina and pharyngea inferiores. 

 Nerves: 1. Hypoglossus. 2. Ram. lingualis N. quinti. 3. Glosso^pharyngea. 

 Movements : (see Muscles, before.) 



430. 2. Salivary glands of the mouth, glandulse salivales oris. 



a. The parotid, gl. parotis, is larger than the other salivary glands, irregular 

 in shape, and placed before and below the auricle of the ear. 



Basis, or external surface : broad, oblong, covered by fascia parotidea, m. 

 risorius, and skin. 



Anterior surface : concave, surrounds the posterior border of ramus maxillar. 

 infer., separated from it by uniting tissue ; behind m. pterygoideus intern., lig. 

 stylo-maxillare, m. masseter, from the external surface of which it is separated 

 by rami n.facialis, loose uniting tissue, and art. transversa faciei. 



Posterior surface, likewise concave, lies against the cartilage of the external 



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