THE VISCERA. 215 



the rest of the intestines ; it presents longitudinal folds (column^ rugarum rerti) 

 which disappear by distension; besides at the commencement and anus a 

 circular fold (plica anmtlaris). 



2. The muscular coat, like the mucous, is similar to that of the oesophagus; 

 it forms m. sphincter ani interims. 



3. The serous coat (peritonaeum) covers the anterior surface (of the supe- 

 rior half only). From the promontorium to the rectum there is a fold; this is, 

 mesa-rectum. 



Vessels : A. hcemorrhoidalis internet (from Jl. mesent. infer.*), hamorrh. tried. 

 (from hypogast.), hfemorrh. inferior (from pudenda intern.}. Vv. form plex. 

 htemorrh., from which arise Vv. hoRinorrh. (connection with Ven. pori&). 

 Nerves : branches from plex. kypogastricus and sacralis (for voluntary motion), 

 and of N. sympathicus (for involuntary). 



The Jlnus, Orificium J%ni, 



a narrow fissure, dilating in a circular form, lies in the central line at the pos- 

 terior part of the perinseum, one inch in front of" the coccyx, between the 

 tuberosities of the Ischia, and is generally closed. Its skin is brownish, rich 

 in sebaceous glands (in the male beset with hair), and passes in wrinkles into 

 the mucous membrane of the rectum. Muscles: see sphincter and lev. ani. 

 Arteries: branches of Hamorrhoidales. Veins: very numerous, convoluted, 

 plexiform; the most external roots of ven. port arum. Nerves: numerous from 

 plex. sacralis and sympathicus. 



Meconium, a thick, viscous, scentless, dark green mass, fills the large intes- 

 tine of the fcetus, and the younger the subject so much the more in quantity. 

 In the small intestine we find, instead of it, a thin, yellow, sometimes colour- 

 less mucous fluid. 



445. Appendages. 1. The Liver, Hepar, Jecur. 



The liver is a glandular organ, for the purpose of secreting bile. 

 Very large, oblong, quadrangular, it lies close under the dia- 

 phragm, enveloped by peritonaeum, protected externally by the 

 seventh and eighth last ribs, in reg. hypochond. dextra, and 

 reaches in a transverse and oblique direction as far as reg. hypo- 

 chond. sinistra. Weight : four to five pounds. Transverse diam. : 

 ten to twelve inches. Length (from behind forwards) : six to 

 seven inches. Thickness : four to five inches. Spec. grav. : 1*5. 



a. Surfaces. 1. The superior surface, pars gibbn, smooth, convex, to the 

 left more flat, lies close under the vault of the diaphragm, and before on the 

 ab lominal walls, divided by lig. ttupemorwtn into a larger right and a smaller 

 left portion (lobes). They are separated by the diaphragm from the concave 

 b'isis of the right lung, from the heart, and from the (seventh and eighth last) 

 ribs; touches the abdominal walls in the reg. epigaslr. and under the right 

 short ribs (where it comes forward, especially in sitting, when the body is 

 inclined forwards). 



2. The inferior surface, pars sima, concave, directed backwards and out- 

 wards, lies over the right kidney, the flexura coli dextra, colon, transvers., pars 

 pylarica ventrimli, dunflcinon. and small omentum. It presents in the centre 

 two longitudinal grooves (fossa lo*gte*dmaJ*), which are unite 1 by a trans- 

 verse groove (/oss. transv. s. Porto), whereby an H-shaped excavation is formed, 



