362 



USES OF THE LIVER DUCTLESS GLANDS 



have a proper coat formed of ordinary fibrous tissue, a few elastic 

 fibres and non-striated muscular fibres. The muscular tissue is not 

 sufficiently distinct to form a separate coat. The mucous membrane is 

 always found tinged yellow with the bile, even in living animals. It 

 presents a large number of minute excavations and is covered with cells 

 of columnar epithelium. This membrane contains a large number of 

 mucous glands. 



The gall-bladder is an ovoid or pear-shaped sac, about four inches 

 (10 centimeters) in length, one inch (25 millimeters) in breadth at its 



20 12 19 



13 



Fig. 78. Gall-bladder, hepatic, cystic and common ducts (Sappey). 



I, 2, 3, duodenum ; 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, pancreas and pancreatic ducts ; 9, 10, n, 12, 13, liver ; 14, gall- 

 bladder ; 15, hepatic duct; 16, cystic duct ; 17, common duct ; 18, portal vein; 19, branch from the 

 coeliac axis ; 20, hepatic artery ; 21, coronary artery of the stomach ; 22, cardiac portion of the stomach ; 

 23, splenic artery ; 24, spleen ; 25, left kidney ; 26, right kidney ; 27, superior mesenteric artery and 

 vein ; 28, inferior vena cava. 



widest portion, and capable of holding an ounce to an ounce and a half 

 (30 to 45 cubic centimeters) of fluid. Its fundus is covered entirely 

 with peritoneum but this membrane passes only over the lower surface 

 of its body. 



The proper coat of the gall-bladder is composed of ordinary fibrous 

 tissue with a few elastic fibres. In some of the lower animals there is a 

 distinct muscular coat, but a few scattered fibres only are found in the 

 human subject. The mucous coat is of a yellowish color, with very 

 small interlacing folds that are very vascular. The mucous membrane 

 of the gall-bladder has a general lining of columnar epithelium with a 



