130 A PINE. 



giale or carpellate cones may be seen appearing as small 

 side branches. At the base of young shoots the clusters 

 of micros porangiate or staminate cones appear. 



They do not usually appear on the same young shoot 

 as the others, and a tree usually bears many more of 

 one kind than of the other. The staminate cones shed 

 their pollen (microspores) early in the season. 



Specimens of both kinds of cones should be collected 

 at the time the staminate cones are about ripe, together 

 with the young shoots and needle-leaves. At the same 

 time some of the oldest carpellate cones should be col- 

 lected. In the winter one-year-old and two-year-old cones, 

 and the buds enclosing growing tips, should be collected. 

 All collections of entire specimens should be preserved 

 in alcohol, and the data of collecting carefully recorded. 

 In addition to these, young cones of both kinds and also 

 carpellate cones about a year old should be collected and 

 preserved for sectioning of the sporangia by imbedding. 

 Leaves and branches may be gathered at almost any time, 

 it being best to have them fresh at the time the study 

 is made. The resinous material is removed by putting the 

 specimens in alcohol, for at least a day or two before using 

 them. 



LABORATORY WORK. 

 GROSS STRUCTURE. 

 I. GENERAL CHARACTERS. Observe: 



1. The central axis or stem ; its few main branches, and numer- 

 ous very short dwarf branches, each bearing: 



2. A pair of slender elongated needle-leaves. 



3. Scale-leaves upon the stem, about the dwarf branches, and 

 base of needle-leaves, and covering the terminal buds. 



