PINUS AUSTRIACA, OR P. LARICIO. I3 1 



4. Near the bases of some of the young shoots: 



a. The clusters of staminate cones or flowers, each com- 

 posed of crowded stamens (microsporophylls) ; and at 

 the tips of other young shoots: 



b. The very small carpellate cones or flowers, each com- 

 posed of closely crowded carpels (megasporophylls) ; 

 and on older parts of the branch: 



c. Larger, heavy, woody, carpellate cones. 



II. THE STEM. 



On a branch eighteen inches or two feet in length observe: 



1. The marks indicating the beginning and ending of each 

 year's growth. 



2. On the last year's growth, the scale-leaves. 



3. Whether scale-leaves are on each year's growth. 



4. The relative vigor of terminal and lateral shoots. 



5. The buds at the tips of shoots. 



6. The arrangement of the dwarf branches that bear the 

 needle-leaves. 



Cut across a three- or four-year-old shoot and observe: 



7. The central pith region. 



8. The outer chlorophyll-bearing bark region. 



9. Between these the woody region. The annual growth 

 rings indicate the age of the shoot. Sketch the cross-sec- 

 tion. 



III. THE LEAVES. 



i. Scale-leaves. Observe: 



a. The size, form, position, and arrangement of scale- 

 leaves on main shoots. Note the differences between 

 scale-leaves on dwarf shoots enveloping needle-leaves 

 and those about buds. 



b. The scars left as scale-leaves that surround the bud 

 are dropped. 



c. Draw one or two scale-leaves of each kind. 



