RUSSULA. 



335 



(see Fig. 120, B and C}. Some of these branches swell into 

 club form, and end blind ; a larger proportion remain slender, 

 and form, at the base of the club-shaped swollen branches, a 

 dense layer of short, 

 rounded segments, 

 which we will dis- 

 tinguish as the sub- 

 hymenial layer. This 

 is limited more or less 

 sharply towards the 

 inner tissue of the 

 lamella the trama, 

 The club-shaped swol- 

 len branches of the 

 trama serve to give to 

 the lamella the neces- 

 sary stiffness. From 



the sub-hymenial tis- FIG. llV.Russula rufoa. Part of the hymenium. 

 cnaenvinn-fViohocJHia ** sub-hy menial layer; 6, basidia; *, sterigmata; sp, 

 6 DaSIdia, spores . paraphys e s ; Cj a cystidium (x 540). 



and paraphyses (Fig. 



119), These have an approximately parallel course, stand out 

 perpendicularly from the sides of the lamellae, and form the hy- 

 menium, The basidia (b) are club-shaped. On their flattened 

 ends they form four, symmetrically placed, thin branches the 

 sterigmata (s). These swell gradually at their apices, each into 

 an elliptic spore basidiospore (s^). The basidiospores, when 

 they have attained their full dimensions, remain in most cases 

 smooth, or, in many species of JRussula (cf. Fig. 119), they form 

 short spines on their surface. They are then cut off from the 

 sterigma by a partition wall, and ultimately fall off. The septation 

 and separation takes place a little below the spore-swelling, in the 

 position where the sterigma shows a slight nick. The fallen spore 

 has therefore a short stalk. Between the basidia stand the shorter 

 sterile paraphyses (p). 



So far the Toadstools and Mushrooms agree with the above- 

 described Russula. In-Russula, however, between basidia and 

 paraphyses occur also isolated cystidia (c), structures of the size 

 of the basidia, which project a little with their pointed ends above 

 the hymenial surface, and with their tapering base penetrate to 

 the sub-hymenial tissue, showing themselves to be direct branches 

 of the median elements of the trama. All the elements in ques- 



