138 Anatomy Applied to Medicine and Surgery. 



than the aortic and are opposite the fourth costal car- 

 tilages, while the tricuspid are about the middle of the 

 sternum opposite the fourth intercostal spaces. Thus it 

 will be seen that the valves of the heart are situated from 

 above downward and from without inward in the follow- 

 ing order, viz. : Pulmonary, aortic, mitral and tricuspid, 



(Fig. 7.) 

 Landmarks for Heart, Kidneys and Traube's Space. 



memorized by the letters, P. A. M. T. On account of the 

 proximity of these valves to one another it would be 

 almost impossible to differentiate an abnormal sound re- 



