196 Anatomy Applied to Medicine and Surgery. 



this surface, caused by apposition of the underlying vis- 

 cera, and these depressions on the under surface of the 

 right lobe, are : The colic in front, the renal behind, and 

 the duodenal to the inner side and between. On the un- 

 der surface of the left lobe there is one depression, viz.,, 

 that for the stomach. The lobus quadratus is in contact 

 with the pylorus. The right end of the upper surface is 

 rather precipitous in form, and is sometimes called the 

 right surface. It rests against the diaphragm, which separ- 

 altes it from the ribs of the right side of the thorax, and 

 corresponds to the level of the seventh rib above, and the 

 eleventh rib below. 



Landmarks. (Fig. 8). The upper border of the 

 right side, when viewed from in front, corresponds to a line 

 drawn outwards from the junction of the right fifth costal 

 cartilage with the sternum, and having a slight convexity 

 upwards, not sufficient, however, to include the nipple. 

 Continuing the line from this point, i.e., from immediate- 

 ly beneath the nipple, it passes downwards, with a gradual 

 curve to the seventh rib in the midaxillary line, and then, 

 parallel with the midaxillary line down to the ninth rib, 

 and from here it curves slightly inwards to the eleventh 

 rib. The upper border on the left side may be represented by 

 a line drawn outwards from the junction of the sixth left 

 costal cartilage to a point about two inches to the left of 

 the sternum. The remaining portion of this border, i.e.., 

 the part behind the sternum, corresponds to a line, with a 

 slight concavity upwards, joining the fifth cartilage on the 

 right with the sixth on the left. For the inferior border > 

 draw a line from the eleventh rib on the right side along 

 ,the free margin of the right cartilages, or half an inch 

 below them, as far forwards as the ninth rib on the same 

 side. From this point it passes across the linea alba to 

 the tip of the eighth left cartilage, and, continuing its 



