The Live* and Gall Bladder. 197 



course from the tip of this cartilage, it passes with a slight 

 curve to join the extreme limit of the left upper line. This 

 inferior line crosses the subcostal angle nearly midway 

 between the umbilicus and the junction of the ensiform 

 cartilage with the sternum. Since the lung ends about 

 the level of a line drawn along the lower border of the 

 sixth rib in the mammary line, outwards, and, since the 

 pleura ends about the level of one drawn along the seventh 

 rib, outwards, it follows that the portion of the liver ex- 

 posed below either the lung, or the pleura, will corre- 

 spond to the part of the thorax below these individual 

 limits. Thus, in front, below the lung, the exposed por- 

 tion of the liver corresponds to the seventh, eighth and 

 ninth cartilages, and at the sides, to the ninth, tenth and 

 eleventh ribs, while that exposed below the pleura corre- 

 sponds, in front, to the eighth and ninth cartilages, and at 

 the sides to the tenth and eleventh ribs. The longitudinal 

 fissure, the suspensory ligament and the ligamentum teres 

 or round ligament are situated in a line, partly a little to 

 the right, and partly immediately behind the linea alba. 

 On viewing the contour of the liver from behind, the left 

 extremity is seen to be about two and a half inches from 

 the mid-spinal line, and touching the ninth rib ; the upper 

 border corresponds to a line drawn from this point, cross- 

 ing the ninth dorsal spine and ending at the eighth rib on 

 the right extremity of the thorax as seen from behind; 

 the right border corresponds to a line drawn from this 

 point downwards as far as the, eleventh rib. The inferior 

 border agrees with a line drawn from the left extremity 

 of the line for the upper border obliquely across the verte- 

 brae and gradually diverging from the upper line so as to 

 make the posterior surface two inches in depth at the 

 vertebral column, which it crosses at the eleventh spine, 

 and two and a half inches in depth at a point a little to the 



