240 Anatomy Applied to Medicine and Surgety. 



section of the vertical with the upper horizontal line, so 

 that it lies partly in the hypochondriac, epigastric, lum- 

 bar and umbilical regions, there being more, however, of 

 the organ above, than below -the horizontal line and more 

 external, than internal to the vertical line. 



Relations. The posterior surface is directed back- 

 wards and inwards and rests on the posterior abdominal 

 wall in front of the interspace between the eleventh and 

 twelfth ribs above, and in front of the transverse processes 

 of the first and second lumbar vertebrae below. This pos- 

 terior wall is composed of (1) the diaphragm separating 

 the lower extremity of the pleura from the kidney; (2) 

 the anterior lamella of the lumbar aponeurosis separating 

 the kidney from the quadratus lumborum; (3) the psoas 

 muscle; (4) the trans versalis and iliac fasciae; (5) the 

 twelfth dorsal, the ilio-hypogastric and the ilio-inguinal 

 nerves. The anterior surface of the right kidney has, in 

 front of its upper portion, the liver separated from it by 

 peritoneum, while, below this hepatic area, there is a non- 

 peritoneal surface divided into two parts, one close to and 

 parallel with the inner border, for the second part of the 

 duodenum, and the other external to this, for the hepatic 

 flexure of the colon. The lower portion of this anterior 

 surface is covered by peritoneum and has resting against 

 it the small intestine. 



The anterior surface of the left kidney may be divided 

 into three areas, an upper covered by peritoneum and in 

 contact with the stomach, a middle area, non-peritoneal, 

 for the pancreas and the splenic vessels, and an inferior 

 one, divided into a peritoneal surface for the small intes- 

 tines, and a non-peritoneal for the descending colon. The 

 upper end of the right kidney is capped by the suprarenal 

 capsule and the liver, and reaches as high as the level of 

 the eleventh dorsal spine, while the upper extremity of the 



