244 Anatomy Applied to Medicine and Swgery. 



level of the umbilicus for the lower extremity, and a third, 

 one inch from and opposite to the bony part of the eighth 

 rib, or a little over four inches from the median line, to 

 indicate the middle of the outer border. Join the upper and 

 the lower landmarks by a convex line passing through the 

 middle landmark. This represents the outer border, and 

 to complete the outline, i.e., the inner border, join the up- 

 per and lower landmarks by a line somewhat concave to- 

 wards the middle line of the abdomen. When this has 

 been done, it will be seen that half of the outlined anterior 

 surface will be under cover of the costal cartilages. The 

 left kidney may be outlined in a manner similar to the 

 above, excepting that the diagram for it would be situ- 

 ated half an inch higher up than for the right. The land- 

 marks" for the purpose of outlining the right kidney on the 

 back ( Fig. 9 ) , are : A point about two inches from the 

 eleventh dorsal spine to indicate the upper limit ; a second 

 one about three and a half inches from the middle of the 

 space between the twelfth dorsal and the first lumbar 

 spines, for the point of greatest convexity of the outer 

 border; a third, about one inch above the iliac crest 

 and two and a half inches from the lower" part of the 

 second lumbar spine for the lower end. Join the. first and 

 third points by a convex line passing through the second, 

 to represent the outer border, and complete the outline 

 with a slightly concave line between the upper and lower 

 points for the inner border, so that about one-third of the 

 posterior surface shall be under cover of the last rib and 

 the eleventh interspace. The left kidney may be indi- 

 cated by a similar outline about half an inch higher up 

 than that for the right. The relative position of the more 

 important structures at the hilum is, from before, back- 

 wards ; vein, artery, ureter. From above, downwards, 

 on the righf side, the order is, vein, artery, ureter; where- 

 as on the left it is, artery, vein, ureter. 



