The Kidneys. 249 



and that one was removed in the lumbar operation. The 

 improvement in the cystoscope permits the thorough ex- 

 amination of the entrance of the ureters into the bladder 

 and the collection of urine from either orifice, so that it is 

 possible to differentiate, before an operation, as to the par- 

 ticular kidney affected. 



Operative Work on the Ureter. The ureter may be 

 approached, extraperitoneally, through an incision in the 

 iliac region, and then stripping off the peritoneum, or 

 through an anterior incision opening up the peritoneum. 



