

CHAPTER XLV. 

 THE FACE. 



MUSCLES AND THEIR TRIFACIAL NEURALGIA. 



ACTIONS. OPERATIONS. 



LANDMARKS. FRACTURES AND DISLOCA- 

 FACIAL PARALYSIS. TION OF LOWER JAW. 



The important muscles of this region are the orbicu- 

 laris palpebrarum, the orbicularis oris, the temporal, the 

 masseter and the buccinator. In addition to these are 

 the numerous smaller superficial muscles the risorius, 

 zygomatici, etc. which are associated with the expres- 

 sion of emotion. 



Actions. The orbicularis palpebrarum, by its con- 

 traction, protects the eyeball from injury by closing the 

 lids, and, in addition, supports the eyeball in actions asso- 

 ciated with a strong respiratory act, such as sneezing, etc. 

 The orbicularis oris, surrounding the mouth, brings to- 

 gether the lips, thus opposing the muscles that 

 converge to the mouth. It, therefore, protects the mouth 

 and represses the expression of any emotion. The tem- 

 poral, from the temporal fossa and inserted into the coro- 

 noid process of the superior maxilla, closes the jaw; 

 while the masseter, from the zygomatic arch, and into the 

 outer surface of the ramusoftihe jawbone, has a similar 

 action. The buccinator, from the outer surfaces of the 

 alveolar processes of both jaws and from the ptery go- 

 maxillary ligament, into the outer part of the orbicularis 

 oris, draws outwards the corner of the mouth and forces 

 in the cheek, as in blowing on a wind instrument, etc. 



The cheeks are formed by the integument and 

 superficial fascia, which contains the superficial face mus- 



