38 ANATOMY OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL 



is longer than that of the preceding. The articulations of each 

 vertebra with adjoining vertebrae are effected by means of di- 

 arthrodial facets, convex in one direction and concave in the other. 

 Between the bodies of the vertebrae are pads of fibrous cartilage. 

 Above these bodies and inferior to the neural spines extends through- 



FIG. 10. A. Diagram of three first dorsal vertebrae and scapular arch-side view. 



B. Diagram of section through the hemal arch. 



' A. i. First dorsal segment. 2, Second. 3, Third. 4 and 5, Hemal arches. 

 6, The pleurapophyses or floating ribs. 7, The third pleurapophyses or dorsal 

 vertebral rib articulating with the hemapophysis or sternal rib, 8, and this in 

 turn with the wing of the sternum form a hemal arch. 9, The sternum. 10, 

 Intervertebral foramen through which the nerves pass, n, Articulation with 

 the body of 'vertebra parapophyses. 12, Articulation with transverse process 

 or diapophyses. 13, Oblique process or zygapophysis. 14, The epipleural 

 appendage. 



B. i, Hemal or inferior spine (hypapophysis). 2, The neural arch. 3, The 

 pleurapophyses or rib. 4, The superior or neural spine or neurapophysis which 

 aids in the formation of the anapophyseal ridge. 5, Parapophyseal surface for 

 head of rib. 6, Tubercle of rib articulating with the diapophysis. 7, Lamina 

 of neurapophysis. 8, Centrum. 9, Hemal arch. 



out the spinal column the large neural canal which is occupied by 

 the spinal cord. Between the vertebral segments the neural canal 

 is exposed superiorly, since here the neural arches do not completely 

 bridge the canal. These spaces are protected by intervertebral 

 ligaments. 



In addition to the superior neural spines and the inferior spines, 



