252 ANATOMY OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL 



hypogastrica. It also receives on the medial side, short branches 

 which come out of the upper kidney surface and sacral vertebrae. 



The vena ischiatica originates by the union of several venous 

 branches which come from the muscles of the pelvis and upper 

 thigh region. The ischiatic vein enters the pelvic cavity along 

 with the ischiatic nerve and artery, and communicates with the 

 vena hypogastrica at about the level of the anterior lobe of the 

 kidney. It is always smaller than the vena cruralis. 



The vena obturatoria originates mainly from vessels from the 

 obturator muscles. It enters the pelvic cavity through the obtura- 

 tor foramen. Another branch is sometimes found which comes 

 out of the inner surface of the peritoneum which covers the obturator 

 muscles and the walls of the abdominal air-sacs and empties 

 between the vena ischiatica and the vena vertebralis into the 

 vena hypogastrica. 



VEINS OF THE TRUNCUS VENA ILIACA COMMUNIS 



The vena intervertebralis lumbalis, which comes out of the 

 lumbar region, the spinal canal, the lumbo-sacral nerve plexus, and 

 several small venous branches from the lobes of the kidney. It 

 passes dorsalward through the kidney and empties into the iliac 

 vein. There are also communications with the vena interverte- 

 bralis thoracica. 



The vena renalis magna (Fig. 64, No. 47) forms the main descend- 

 ing vein to the middle and posterior lobes of the kidney. It lies 

 ventrally and mesially on the middle lobe and partly on the inner 

 part of the posterior lobe. It sometimes has on each side two main 

 trunks. The vein receives some small vessels out of the anterior 

 kidney lobe, also other small veins from that part of the peritoneum 

 which covers the kidney, from the rectum and finally small veins 

 from the ureter. 



VISCERAL VEINS OF THE POSTERIOR VENA CAVA 



The venae testiculae, or the vena ovariana drain the blood from 

 the testicles of the male and ovary of the female. The size of these 

 veins change with the enlargement of the testes or of the ovary 

 during reproductive activity. 



The venae supra-renales revehentes are short, thick trunks com- 

 ing from the adrenal glands. The left empties into the left side of 



