SCHULTE, SEI WHALE. 455 



left it is evident that the axial rotation of the proximal colon has occurred. We are therefore 

 dealing with a developed type of intestinal arrangement, in which the fundamental stages of 

 rotation have been carried to completion. The secondary changes in the large intestine how- 

 ever are retarded or suppressed, there is no sigmoid, the differentiation of the transverse colon 

 is not effected, the arched colon remaining primitive in form, and further the characteristics 

 of the higher type of colon, the haustra, are lacking. On the other hand, the small intestine 

 has lengthened enormously. Secondary peritoneal adhesions in the course of the intestine are 

 present, but in the infracolic region they are of small extent. The primary root of the mesentery 

 is retained and is confined by the arch of the duodenum. The ascending duodenum with the 

 left extremity of the transverse portion have lost their mesenteries, as has also the splenic flexure 

 of the colon. In addition the ascending limb of the colon has contracted an unusual adhesion 

 to the venter of the pancreas, which I take to be a character of these whales. This is the sole 

 departure from the common type of mammalian arrangement in this region of the abdomen, 

 and seems to depend upon the early loss of the mesocolon, which it may be noted is very short 

 in the whole length of the colon below the duodenum. 



In the supracolic region on the contrary there are many peculiarities which seem to find 

 their explanation in the crowding of the abdominal viscera into the preumbilical space. This 

 has resulted in increased adherence of viscera to one another and to the diaphragm, which as 

 they have taken place at the expense of the lesser sac, have materially reduced the extent of 

 that region of the peritoneum. The chief changes thus induced are the reduction of the Spige- 

 lian recess by the increased adherence of the liver to the diaphragm, and the obliteration of the 

 foramen of Winslow by the approximation of the portal vein to the postcava and the adhesion 

 of the pancreas to the region of the transverse fissure. The splenic recess has also disappeared. 



The lines of reflection of the peritoneum from the posterior paries of the upper abdomen 

 are shown in Plate LI, Fig. 1, and the corresponding non-peritoneal area of the visceral complex 

 in Plate LII, Fig. 3, the peritoneal relations of the liver in Plate LII, Fig. 4. With the excep- 

 tion of the covering of the processus papillaris in the last cited figure all the peritoneum shown 

 is of the greater sac. With the aid of these illustrations we may proceed to trace the parietal 

 visceral lines of reflection. From the right of the postcava at the diaphragm the line descends 

 to the upper part of the kidney, then turns at a sharp angle to the left and rostrad towards the 

 postcava again at its emergence from the liver. We have thus bounded the surface of dia- 

 phragmatic adhesion of the right lobe; the angle of this area is not prolonged by a coronary fold. 

 The caudal limit of this field, the line from this angle to the postcava at its emergence, marks a 

 reflection from liver to kidney and adrenal. The greater part of the latter is however covered 

 by parietal peritoneum which separates it from the descending duodenum and the pancreas, so 

 far as the latter is free dorsally. From the postcava, the line of reflection again turns caudad 

 and laterad to the duodenal impression on the right kidney, at the upper margin of which it begins 

 to turn to the left and having reached the lower margin of this impression in an obliquely 

 curved course becomes continuous with the line of attachment of the right leaf of the mesentery. 

 The line from cava to duodenal impression marks the reflection from adrenal and kidney to 

 pancreas, that crossing the impression, from kidney to duodenum. 



To the left of the cava at the diaphragm begins the very large left coronary ligament, which 

 after extending laterad and caudad as far as the tenth rib, returns on itself almost to the cava. 

 Turning again laterad it passes in front of the oesophageal orifice and assuming a sagittal course 



