SCHULTE, SEI WHALE. 461 



surfaces are inclined mesad below the entry of the vessels; the colon is interposed between them 

 dorsally, the bladder and hypogastric arteries ventrally. Rostral to the vessels the surface 

 of the right kidney has already been described; that of the left is convex and in contact with 

 coils of the small intestine. The adrenal is applied to its mesal border. 



The renal veins emerge from a deep groove on the venter of the kidney in its rostral fourth. 

 The distance from the rostral pole to the vein is on the right side 7 mm., on the left 5.5 mm. 

 Both veins ascend to the postcava, the left much more steeply than the right. The arteries lie 

 caudal to the veins which do not overlap them, so that they are exposed to ventral view in their 

 whole breadth. The ureters emerge ventrally also and are lodged in a deep groove of the ventral 

 surface as far as the caudal pole. As has been said their point of emergence is connected by a 

 strong septum to that of the vein and artery. From the ventral position of these structures it 

 is clear that the kidney has not undergone complete rotation, and that the caudal portion has 

 rotated to an appreciably less degree than the rostral, for the ureter is almost directly ventrad, 

 while the vessels are turned a little further in a mesal direction. 



Ureters. The ureters emerge from the ventral surface of the kidneys near their caudal 

 poles. Here they are received in grooves in the kidneys and do not project beyond the general 

 level of the surface. Arrived at the pole they make a short bend laterad and then pass with a 

 slightly sinuous course caudad at the same time inclining mesad. Arrived at the sides of the 

 dilated portion of the vagina, they curve ventrad to the sides of the bladder, in contact with 

 which they ascend rostrad for several millimeters before piercing its walls. As they do this 

 very obliquely and the muscularis of the bladder is thick they have a long intramural segment. 

 Their orifices are close together on the fundus, 6 mm. from the urethral orifice, each at the 

 summit of a longitudinal ridge which corresponds to the terminal portion of the ureter. These 

 ridges are separated by a deep notch rostrad; caudad their reliefs merge into a median eleva- 

 tion which continues to the urethral orifice. This is smooth, the mucous membrane adhering 

 firmly to the underlying muscle, and represents the trigone. From the notch a faint median 

 sulcus is prolonged, which partially separates it into two halves. The elevations upon which 

 the ureters open, in the undisturbed position of the parts, are in apposition with the blunt 

 extremities of longitudinal folds of the mucosa. These fit close against the apices of the 

 ureteral elevations, and would seem able during contraction of the bladder to guard against 

 regurgitation into the ureter. 



The ureter at its emergence from the kidney is dorso-ventrally flattened. As it descends 

 it makes a spiral turn, as Hyrtl and Daudt have observed, and in such a direction that the 

 ventral surface becomes median. As it enters upon its longitudinal course, it becomes cylin- 

 drical and so continues to its termination. It diminishes in diameter from kidney to bladder, 

 but only to a slight degree. As Daudt has stated it is invisible through the peritoneum. On 

 leaving the kidney it is placed inside the tubular prolongation of the fascia renalis, within which 

 at this point there is a deposit of fat. Distad this diminishes and the ureter is surrounded by 

 firm areolar tissue which forms the continuation of the renal fascia. This separates it from 

 the peritoneum as it passes between the vagina and the hypogastric artery to reach the bladder. 

 Of course it does not break through the peritoneum to do this; Daudt's statement to that effect 

 must be an oversight in the correction of his proof. 



Bladder. The bladder is long and narrow, extending rostrad almost to the umbilicus 

 before it is reduced to the urachus. It agrees with Daudt's description in being flattened ven- 



