. . 



ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND RACE=BIOLOGICAL RESEARCHES 41 



The successor of Anders Retzius in the professorship of anatomy at the 

 Caroline MedicoChirurgical Institute (in Stockholm) BARON GUSTAF VON DUBEN 

 (18221862) also took great interest in anthropology. His bestknown works in 

 this field of labour are Sur les caracteres craniologiques de rhomme prehistorique 

 en Suede*, (Compte rendu de la 7 session du Congres prehistorique a Stockholm 

 1874), and his ethnographical monograph On Lappland and the Lapps* (Stockholm 

 1873). His anthropological work on the Lapps which he rested chiefly on the 

 basis of the Lapp craniums and skeletons collected by Anders Retzius and himself, 

 was given out first, however, after his death by professor C. G. Santesson under 

 the title: Crania Lapponica*. Stockholm 1910. 



With the appearance of GUSTAF RETZIUS, son of Anders Retzius, the anthro* 

 pological research in Sweden began to flourish once more. 



GUSTAF RETZIUS (18421919) published as early as 1864 a German edition 

 of his father's collected anthropological works. Since then he has published a 

 large number of comparatively speaking smaller pamphlets and essays; but chiefly 

 through the four monumental folio works: Finska Kranier (1878), Das Menschen 

 hirn (1896), Crania Suecica* (1900), and also, together with C. M. Fiirst, An* 

 thropologia Suecica (1902), he has won a place for himself among the most remarkable 

 anthropologists of our time. In the first mentioned work he treats of the physical 

 qualities of the tribes or branches of races dwelling in Finland itself: Tavastians, 

 Karelians, and Savolakians, and gives also an exposition of the mutual relationship 

 between these tribes, their wanderings and expansion, their culture both now and 

 in ancient times, their manners and customs, their tools and dress. This important 

 and within its own sphere pioneer publication is founded partly on the results 

 of expeditions to Finland, performed by Gustaf Retzius, Christian Loven and 

 Erik Nordensson 1873. I regard to anthropology, Gustaf Retzius distinguished 

 two fundamental types within the area investigated, namely the Tavastian of 

 medium height, with fair hair and brachycephalic head with a broad face, and the 

 Karelian of less than medium height and likewise of less brachycephalic type than 

 the Tavastian, with a narrow face and dark chestnut hair. 



In Crania Suecica antiqua Gustaf Retzius in the most excellent pictures has 

 preserved for the coming ages the remains which have been found of Sweden's 

 primitive inhabitants. This work, according to KOLLMANN, possesses the same 

 universal importance respecting knowledge of the European human species, sur* 

 veyed from the standpoint of race*anatomy, as does His' and Riitimeyer's Crania 

 helvetica*, Studer's and Bannwart's: Crania Helvetica antiqua*, Davis' and Thur 

 nam's works on the primitive English craniums and also Quatrefages" and Hamy's 

 work on the primitive French craniums. But the importance of this work lies, 

 as Kollmann also shows, not only in the fact that by means of pictures of natural 

 size it makes the defective remains of the first inhabitants of Sweden accessible 

 to the wide circle of all the cultured nations, but it is also to be sought in the 

 scientific result regarding the anthropological characteristics of our forefathers, 

 which Gustaf Retzius reached through the anthropological study of the material 

 in question. This result Retzius himself has given in the following words: 



The people of the stone age certainly in regard to anthropology did not 

 form a pure race, but were still in a preponderating degree dolichocephalic, although 



