ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND RACE*BIOLOGICAL RESEARCHES 43 



made comparisons, calculations and a general survey of the whole.* (Op. cit. 

 page 12). The work was ready in the year 1902. 



These ample statistical examinations are, according to KOLLMANN, of enormous 

 bearing in the matter. They constitute a fundamental basis for the whole science 

 of the races of mankind. They not only give a complete statement of the anthro< 

 pological characteristics of the Swedes but even explain the anthropology of the 

 German type, and if one places them in combination with the Crania Suecica 

 antiqua of Gustaf Retzius they have established the following facts, which Koll 

 mann calls the giant results: 



1st. The Swedes of our own times show us a picture of the old Germans; 



2nd. The Swedish people is made up of several races; 



3rd. These races ever since the stone age have shown the same unchangeable 

 constancy to type. 



In his fourth work Das Menschenhirn* Gustaf Retzius has sought to eluci 

 date the macroscopical morphology of the human brain, and its embroyonical de 

 velopment. As the material of pictures is especially copious, and is presented with 

 the greatest fidelity to nature, it gives a good insight into the wealth of variation 

 which the configuration of the surface of the brain shows. And Gustaf Retzius 

 has in this work given us the most perfect and exact elucidation of the brain of 

 mankind, and especially of that of the Germanic tribes, which is to be found in 

 literature. Without doubt in regard to the morphology of the brain, as Gustaf 

 Retzius himself says, a plentiful and as for as possible exact rendering in pictures 

 of what has been observed is above all things of great importance. Kollmann also 

 in speaking of this work says, that just through these qualities and the accurate 

 and extensive study of the variation, it will be a base for the study of morpho* 

 logy, and race=anthropology during all time. 



Through his other anthropological writings G. Retzius has contributed to the 

 unravelling of a great many dissimilar questions, such as the connection bet 

 ween the cranium and morphology of the brain and the intellectual powers, the 

 anatomy of the Lappic brain, trepanation in pre*historical times, the artificial defor< 

 mations af the cranium, etc. G. Retzius' popular work On the most ancient trace 

 of mankind's existence on the earth (1873), which in a great measure is groun< 

 ded on his own observations at the places of discovery, gives a good idea of the 

 standpoint of palaeo'anthropology at that time. It has helped in a high degree 

 in awakening interest for anthropology in wide circles. And Retzius has even in 

 many other ways with praiseworthy self-sacrifice and magnificent liberality sup* 

 ported and advanced anthropological research in Sweden. 



C. M. FURST as before mentioned has taken a very active part in the great 

 work Anthropologia Suecica. He has also in collaboration with Professor Fr. 

 C. C. Hansen (Copenhagen) published the great monograph Crania Groenlandica 

 (1915) which contains a richly and beautifully illustrated description of 380 Green* 

 land Esquimo craniums. From this is seen among other things that the Green 

 land Esquimos is one of the most dolichocephalic peoples that live or have lived 

 on the earth in historical times. The average Length-Breadth-index is for men 70.67 

 and for women 72. He has also in a number of other writings thrown light upon 

 the anthropological characteristics of the Swedish people, in doing which he even 



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