44 ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND RACE.BIOLOGICAL RESEARCHES 



observed with interest its ethnology and archaeology. The craniology of the stone 

 age and that of the iron age are touched upon in several of his works (Ymer 

 1905, Proceed, of Swedish Acad. of Sci. 1912, Fornforskaren 1920, 1911, 1914 

 and others). He has described several cases of trepanation in olden times (1913, 

 1917 etc.) and also a case of scalping during the stone age (1919). C. M. Fiirst 

 especially has done good service in the preservation of large numbers of valuable 

 objects found in ancient graves, and in describing and interpreting the Swedish 

 anthropological material from prehistorical and historical times, and a great deal of 

 the discoveries and observations he thereby made, he has told us comprehensively 

 in the interesting book When the dead bear witness* (1920). His plastic recon 

 structions of the cranium are also of great interest, and his index=tables, as well as 

 his valuable measuring instruments (craniophore, trigonometer) are a good means 

 of help in anthropological research work. 



J. VILH. HULTKRANTZ, as before said, has also taken an active part in the great 

 work Anthropologia suecica* (189798). But he had already before this perfor* 

 med a very comprehensive anthropological investigation respecting the Stature of 

 the Swedes (Ymer 1896). The material for this consisted of the tabular rep* 

 orts of the stature of the conscripts, which for the years 18871894 had been sent 

 in from the 31 enrolment districts of the kingdom to the War Department, and 

 included 232,367 individuals of 21 years of age. According to these reports and 

 Hultkrantz' reckoning the average height of Swedish men at 21 years of age is 

 169.51 cm. Hultkrantz added to this a summary of the stature in different pro* 

 vinces as well as some studies in the colour of the eyes and hair. Besides these 

 anthropological studies of the Swedes, Hultkrantz has also made such studies over 

 some South American tribes, viz. the Ona and the Yahgan Indians, a work, which 

 among other things on account of its technically critical treatment of the measure* 

 ments of the long bones has attained a very remarkable position in the foreign anthropo* 

 logical literature, equal to that of Lehmann*Nitsches fundamental investigations. His 

 inquiries regarding the in many respects remarkable disturbance in the formation of the 

 skeleton, which he named Dysostosis cleido*cranialis are also of great value. 



The anthropology of Sweden during the Middle Ages has been elucidated 

 by another Swedish scientist, the eminent Uppsala anatomist EDVARD CLASON, who 

 by his work added yet another link in the chain of evidence that the same Ger* 

 manic tribe, which now inhabits this country had during the Middle Ages as well 

 as in earlier times, its dwelling-place here. Besides this it is seen from his inves* 

 tigations, that the Germanic tribe even during the middle ages could not be looked 

 upon as one race but must be considered as being composed of at least two races. 

 Like Kollmann, Clason is inclined to lay great weight upon the facial cranium in 

 regard to comparative anthropology. 



Edward Clason deserves at the same time to be remembered as the real creator 

 of the Anthropological=anatomical Museum of the Anatomical Institution in Upp= 

 sala, the largest in Sweden. By means of untiring diligence and the most unspar* 

 ing labour, he has here collected material of inestimable value. In the same way 

 the principal part of the honour of founding the anthropological department in the 

 Anatomical Museum in Lund belongs to C. M. Fiirst. The museum of the Caro= 

 line Institute in Stockholm, which is especially valuable from the standpoint of 



