SPICES AND CONDIMENTS. 



163 



The structure of the browu membrane is best made out iu chloral hy- 

 drate, which removes the red color and leaves the fragments of a bright 

 yellow. 



Linseed calte distinguished by the fact that its husk is made up of 

 one or two characteristic elements. The outer coat or epiderimis is 

 colorless and swells up in water, forming a mucilage like the mustard 

 seed. Beneath this is a layer of thin round yellow cells, while the third 

 is very characteristic, and consists of narrow, very thick-walled dotted 

 vessels. Next to these is an inner layer of compact polygonal cells, 

 with fairly thin but still thickly dotted white walls and dark-brown con- 

 tents, containing tannin. The endosperm and embryo are free from 

 starch ; nor are they colored yellow by potash, as is the case with mus- 

 tard and rape cake. 



PIG. 6. 



FIG. 7. 



FIG. 8. 



FIG. 9. 



. 



1.1 



FIG. 6. Rape-seed husk (exterior surface). 



FIG. 7. Linseed kusk. A more, H less magnified. 



FIG. 8. Almond shell fragment, h hairs, g spiral vessels. 



FIG. 9. Palm-seed. Interior. X 240. (After Schimper.) 



X70. 



Palm-cake is probably not common enough in this country to be used 

 as an adulterant; nor are olive stones, which as they consist, after 

 bleaching with Schulze's reagent, almost entirely of very thick stone 

 cells, are easily made out under polarized light. 



Cocoanut shells are often used, it seems from the evidence of the Can- 

 adian analysts. They are similar to the olive stones in structure but 

 more complicated, as in addition to the numerous short stone cells there 

 are many long ones with thinner walls, and here and there spiral ves- 

 sels, from the fibrous tissue, all of which are only readily seen after 



