CONTENTS. 



XII. THE SECONDARY AGES. 



THE SECONDARY AGES, EMBRACING THE NEW RED SANDSTONE, 

 OOLITE, AND CHALK SYSTEMS THEIR PLACE IN GEOLOGI- 

 CAL HISTORY COMPOSITION AND SUCCESSION OF THEIR 

 STRATA PHYSICAL CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THEY WERE 

 FORMED THEIR FOSSIL FLORA AND FAUNA EXCESS OF 

 CHAMBERED SHELLS EXUBERANCE OF REPTILIAN LIFE 

 CURIOUS PHASE OF BIRD-LIFE THE ARCH^OPTERYX 

 LIFE-CONDITIONS OF THE SECONDARY PERIODS ECONOMIC 

 PRODUCTS OF THE SECONDARY SYSTEMS SECONDARY COAL- 

 FIELDS THEIR GROWING IMPORTANCE, . .187 



XIII. TERTIARY TIMES. 



ORIGIN OF THE TERM TERTIARY LOWER, MIDDLE, AND UPPER, 

 OR EOCENE, MIOCENE, AND PLIOCENE TERTIARIES THEIR 

 MINERAL COMPOSITION AND SUCCESSION DIFFERENT IN 

 DIFFERENT BASINS OR AREAS OF DEPOSIT FLORA AND 

 FAUNA OF THE RESPECTIVE SUBDIVISIONS PHYSICAL CON- 

 DITIONS UNDER WHICH THESE GREW AND WERE DEPOSITED 

 GIGANTIC AND INTERMEDIATE FORMS OF EOCENE MAM- 

 MALS APPROXIMATION TO EXISTING DISTRIBUTIONS IN 

 MIOCENE AND PLIOCENE TIMES ECONOMIC PRODUCTS OF 

 THE SYSTEM, ...... 201 



XIY. ICE ITS FORMS AND FUNCTIONS. 



ICE, DEFINITION OF GENERAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF 

 WATER FORMATION OF ICE ITS OCCURRENCE IN THE AT- 

 MOSPHERE : HOAR-FROST, SNOW, AND HAIL ITS OCCUR- 

 RENCE ON FRESH WATER : RIVER, LAKE, AND GROUND 

 ICE ON SALT WATER : ICE-FIELDS, ICE-PACKS, ICE-FLOES, 

 ETC., IN POLAR SEAS ICE ON LAND : SNOW AND SNOW- 

 LINE, AVALANCHES, N^VJE, GLACIERS THEIR CHARACTER- 

 ISTICS ICEBERGS GENERAL RESULTS OF ICE- ACTION, . 213 



