CONTENTS. XI 



IX. COAL AND COAL-FORMATIONS. 



COAL, ITS ORIGIN AND FORMATION MINERALISED VEGETATION 

 RECENT PEAT-GROWTHS TERTIARY LIGNITES SECOND- 

 ARY AND PALEOZOIC COALS PRIMARY ANTHRACITES AND 

 GRAPHITES THE COALS AS A MINERAL FAMILY CONVER- 

 SION OF VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES INTO COAL ITS VARIOUS 

 STAGES PEAT, LIGNITE, COAL, ANTHRACITE, AND GRAPHITE 

 CHARACTERISTICS OF THESE RESPECTIVE STAGES IMPOR- 

 TANCE OF COAL TO CIVILISED COUNTRIES SPECIAL VALUE 

 OF, TO GREAT BRITAIN, .... 143 



X. THE OLD COAL-MEASURES. 



THE CARBONIFEROUS OR COAL SYSTEM ITS PLACE IN GEO- 

 LOGY NATURE AND COMPOSITION OF ITS STRATA ITS 

 UPPER, MIDDLE, AND LOWER DIVISIONS VARIETIES OF 

 ITS COALS APPARENT CAUSES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS ASSO- 

 CIATED WITH ITS STRATA ITS FOSSIL FLORA AND FAUNA 

 EXUBERANCE OF ITS PLANT-LIFE GENERAL GEOGRAPHI- 

 CAL CONDITIONS OF THE PERIOD THE COAL-MEASURES AS 

 AN ECONOMIC REPOSITORY VARIETY AND VALUE OF ITS 

 PRODUCTS THEIR INFLUENCE ON HUMAN CIVILISATION 

 AND PROGRESS EXTENT AND DURATION OF PALEOZOIC 

 COAL-FIELDS, ...... 159 



XL WHAT WE OWE TO OUR COAL-FIELDS. 



BRITAIN'S SUPREMACY IN MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING 

 INDUSTRY DEPENDENT ON HER COAL-FIELDS PHASES OF 

 MODERN AS COMPARED WITH THOSE OF ANCIENT CIVILISA- 

 TIONSDIFFERENCES ARISING CHIEFLY FROM THE USE OF 

 COAL AND IRON SPECIAL PRODUCTS OP OUR COAL-FIELDS 

 COAL AND ITS VARIETIES IRON AND THE AGE OF IRON 

 LIMESTONES AND MARBLES SANDSTONES AND THEIR 

 RELATIONS TO ARCHITECTURE FIRE-CLAY AND FIRE-CLAY 

 FABRICS SHALES, AND THE EXTRACTION OF ALUM, COP- 

 PERAS, PARAFFIN, AND PARAFFIN OILS ORES OF LEAD, 

 ZINC, AND SILVER RELATIONS OF MECHANICAL AND 

 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY TO COAL AND IRON RELATIONS 

 OF INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE TO CIVILISATION AND RE- 

 FINEMENT, 177 



