VULGARISM ITS STATUKE AND FUNCTION. 



DEFINITION OF THE TERM MODES OF MANIFESTATION VOLCANOES, 

 THEIR VARIOUS ASPECTS, CHARACTERS, PRODUCTS, AND FUNCTIONS 

 EARTHQUAKES, THEIR MODES OF ACTION AND EFFECTS CON- 

 NECTION WITH VOLCANOES CRUST-MOTIONS, THEIR CHARACTER 

 AND RESULTS RECENT EXAMPLES THEORIES OF VULCANISM OR 

 INTERNAL FIRE-ACTION ITS SHIFTINGS FROM AREA TO AREA 

 APPARENT FUNCTIONS OF POWER AND PERMANENCE OF, AS A 

 NATURAL FORCE LAW BY WHICH REGULATED NECESSARY POR- 

 TION OF WORLD-MECHANISM. 



WHATEVER be the nature and origin of the thermal forces 

 that operate within the crust of our earth whether deep- 

 seated or near the surface whether arising from chemical 

 actions or dependent on some primordial condition it is 

 convenient to arrange them under one general term, and 

 that of Vulcanism or Vulcanicity, suggested by Humboldt 

 in his ' Cosmos,' seems by far the most comprehensive 

 and appropriate. In this way, not only the volcano pro- 

 per, but the earthquake, hot-springs, gas-springs, mud- 

 springs, and all kindred phenomena, are brought under one 

 category; and "it is really advantageous," as remarked by 

 the great German philosopher, "to avoid the separation of 

 that which is causally connected, and differs only in the 

 strength of the manifestation of force, and the complication 

 of physical processes." Here, then, we give to the con- 

 stantly active reaction of the interior of the earth upon its 

 external crust or surface the name of Vulcanism ; and the 



