142 THE IMMORTALITY OF ANIMALS 



eggs and, sitting on them by turns to keep them 

 warm, bring forth young ones, and jointly and care- 

 fully nourish these until they are able to take care 

 of themselves. 



If a horse is feeding, and the ground becomes 

 bare, he calls to mind another place, though it be 

 miles away, where he knows food is more plentiful, 

 and at once goes to that spot. He will raise 

 and lower a pump handle in order to get a drink 

 of water, and will ring a bell for his meals. 



A dog knows a man at a great distance, and rec- 

 ognizes in him either a friend or an enemy. If a 

 friend, he runs to meet him, and shows by his ac- 

 tions that he loves him ; but if an enemy, he flies at 

 him with anger, or goes away from him in disgust. 

 In considering, in lower animals, the instances of 

 fidelity, of sagacity, of cunning, of attachment, of 

 gratitude, and of the way they change their minds 

 to accomplish different purposes, as well as the dif- 

 ference between old and young in point of experi- 

 ence and usefulness, we cannot fail to perceive a 

 degree of reason which is in many respects superior 

 to that of some of the lowest types of men. 



We find the faculty of reason in lower animals so 

 well developed, and each individual act so diversi- 



