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cytosis in acquired immunity. — Negative chemiotaxis of leucocytes. — 

 Theory of attenuation of micro-organisms by the fluids of immunised 

 animals. — Refutation of this theory. — Phagocytosis acts without requiring 

 any previous neutralisation of the toxins. — The origin of the fixative and 

 protective properties of the body fluids. — The relation between these 

 properties and phagocytosis. — The side-chain theory of Ehrlich and the 

 theory of phagocytes. 



CHAPTER X 



Rapid and temporary immunity against micro-organisms, conferred by 

 specific and normal serums, or by other substances, or by micro- 

 organisms other than those against which it is desired to protect 

 an animal 300 



Immunity conferred by specific serums. — Analogy of the mechanism of this 

 immunity with that observed in immunity obtained with pathogenic 

 micro-organisms and their products. — Part played by phagocytosis in 

 the immunity conferred by specific serums. — Influence of opium on the 

 course of immunisation by these serums. — Stimulant action of specific 

 serums. — Protective and stimulant action of normal serums. — Influence 

 of fluids, other than serums: broth, urine, physiological saline solu- 

 tion, etc. 



Antagonism between anthrax and certain bacteria. 



CHAPTER XI 

 Natural immunity against toxins 325 



Examples of natural immunity against toxins. — Immunity of spiders and 

 scorpions against tetanus toxin. — Immunity of the scorpion against its 

 own poison. — Antivenomous property of the blood of the scorpion. — 

 Immunity against tetanus toxin in the larvae of Oryctes and in the 

 cricket. — Immunity and susceptibility of frogs against this toxin. — 

 Natural immunity of reptiles against tetanus toxin. — Antitetanic pro- 

 perty of the blood of alligators. — Immunity of snakes against snake 

 venom. — Immunity of the fowl against tetanus toxin. — Immunity of the 

 hedgehog against poisons and venoms. — Immunity of the rat against 

 diphtheria toxin. 



CHAPTER XII 

 Artificial immunity against toxins 342 



Adaptation to poisons. — Artificial immunity against bacterial and vegetable 

 toxins and against snake venom. — Principal methods of immunisation. — 

 Immunisation by toxins and toxoids. — Inoculation against diphtheria 

 toxin. — Phenomena produced in the course of vaccination against toxins. 

 — Rise of temperature. — Leucocytosis. — Development of antitoxic power. 

 — Properties of antitoxins. — Mode of action of antitoxins. — Action of 

 antitoxins in vitro. — Their action in the organism. — Influence of 

 living elements on the combination of antitoxin vrith toxin.— Antitoxic 

 action of non-specific serums, of normal serums, and of broth.— Immunity 



