412 Chapter XIII 



channels, behave like other bodies. Animals were made to inhale, 

 or there were introduced into the trachea, cultures of bacteria 



[432] pathogenic for the animals experimented upon. The results so ob- 

 tained have been very contradictory. Morse ^, Wyssokowitch 2, and 

 Hildebrandt^, never succeeded in inducing anthrax by the intro- 

 duction of anthrax bacilli into the lungs of normal animals. They 

 concluded, therefore, that the uninjured pulmonary tissue was 

 impermeable by virulent micro-organisms. H. Buchner* with his 

 collaborators and pupils maintaining the opposite view, declare that 

 rabbits that have inhaled anthrax bacilli or their spores always suc- 

 cumb to a fatal attack of anthrax. These contradictory results were 

 attributed to differences in the methods employed, and an attempt 

 was made to perfect the methods of research, especially to prevent 

 the penetration of the anthrax bacilli by lesions of the trachea 

 or by any channel other than that of the pulmonary tissue. 

 Gramatschikoff^, under Baumgarten's direction, undertook a series 

 of experiments in order to determine whether it was possible for the 

 anthrax bacillus to traverse the pulmonary tissue. He introduced 

 through the trachea of rabbits and guinea-pigs an anthrax culture, 

 afterwards washing the respiratory passages with a large quantity of 

 broth or of physiological saline solution. Several of the animals so 

 treated did not succumb to the inoculation, and Gramatschikoff con- 

 cluded that it was impossible for the anthrax bacillus to make its way 

 through the wall of the normal pulmonary tissue. He was satisfied 

 that some of the injected organisms were destroyed in the lung, 

 although he was unable to see how this bactericidal action was 

 determined. In these experiments a large quantity of fluid was intro- 

 duced after the bacilli ; this might wash away the bacilli and convey 

 them to situations where they could exert no morbific action ; 

 moreover the anthrax bacilli used were of doubtful virulence (the 

 injections made to control the virulence in the subcutaneous tissue 

 were in nearly every instance made with quantities of fluid greater 

 than those introduced by the trachea), and Gramatschikoff 's results 



[433] could not be accepted as deciding the question. On the other hand, 



^ " Eingangspforten der Infectionsorganismen," Berlin, 1881. 



2 Mitth. aus der Brehmer'schen Heilanstalt, 1899, S. 297. 



3 " Experim. Unters. ii. d. Eindringen path. Microorganismen," Konigsberg, 1888, 

 [and in Ziegler's Beitr. z. path. Anat., Jena, 1888, Bd. 11, S. 411]. 



* Arch.f. Hyg., Miinchen u. Leipzig, 1887, Bd. viii, S. 145. 

 ^ Baumgarten's Arb. auf d. Geh. d. path. Anat. etc., Braunschweig, 1892, Bd. i, 

 S. 450. 



