THE SHOULDER AND PELVIC GIRDLES. 



141 



small process in man and most mammals, but forming a large and important bone which 

 reaches the sternum in monotremata and many lower vertebrates. The pubis appears to be 

 represented most closely by the precoracoid of reptiles and amphibia, while the clavicle is not 



Figs. 163 & 164. SKETCH OF THE 



BONES OF THE THORACIC AND 

 PELVIC LIMBS, SO PLACED AS TO 

 SHOW CORRESPONDING PARTS IN 



BOTH. (Allen Thomson. ) 



The preaxial borders of both limbs 

 are towards the reader's right hand, 

 and the original dorsal or extensor sur- 

 faces are shown throughout their whole 

 extent. The somewhat artificial re- 

 presentation given in these figures 

 cannot be obtained from a single 

 view of the specimens in one posi- 

 tion, but it is easily brought out by 

 slightly shifting the bones or changing 

 the point of view. The humeral 

 tuberosities are separated so as to 

 show them on the borders of the 

 bone. Fig. 163. Thoracic limb ; 

 ssp, supraspinous or prescapular fossa; 

 isp, infraspinous or postscapular 

 fossa ; ssc, a small part of the subsca- 

 pular fossa ; bs, base of scapula ; sa, 

 superior angle ; ia, inferior angle ; 

 sp, spine ; ac, acromion ; cr, coracoid 

 process ; gb, glenoid border with place 

 of attachment of triceps muscle ; gc, 

 glenoid cavity ; h, humerus, preaxial 

 border ; tm, large or preaxial tube- 

 rosity ; tj), small or postaxial tube- 

 rosity ; cr, radial condyle ; cu, ulnar 

 condyle ; r, radius ; 11, ulna ; o, 

 olecranon ; px, pollex and preaxial 

 side ; pi, pisiform and postaxial side 

 of hand. Fig. 164. Pelvic limb: 

 ss, sacral surface of ilium ; il, iliac 

 fossa ; di. a small part of the dorsurn ilii 

 or gluteal surface ; ic, crest of ilium ; 

 as, anterior superior spine ; ipl, 

 ilio-pectineal line ; ep. ilio-pectineal 

 eminence ; is, anterior inferior spine 

 and attachment of rectus muscle ; cc, 

 cotyloid cavity ; sp, symphysis pubis ; 

 isc, ischium ; f, femur, its preaxial 

 border ; trp, lesser or preaxial tro- 

 chanter ; trm, greater or postaxial 

 trochanter ; ct, tibial condyle ; cf, 

 fibular condyle ; p, patella ; t, tibia ; 

 tt, tubercle of tibia ; fi, fibula ; 

 hx, hallux and preaxial side of foot ; 

 ca, calcaneal tuberosity. 



repeated in the pelvic girdle ; it 

 is, however, held by many anato- 

 mists that the mammalian clavicle 

 corresponds morphologically to the 

 reptilian precoracoid, and there- 

 fore is also the representative of 

 the pubis. 



With regard to the comparison to be established between the individual parts of the 

 scapula and ilium there is much difference of opinion, but an examination of the simpler 

 forma of these bones in some of the lower animals, and a general consideration of their 

 relations give support to the view adopted by Flower as the more probable. 1 The scapula and 



1 Flower, Journ. Anat., iv, and " Osteology of the Mammalia." For different views, see Humphry, 



