MUSCULAR HOMOLOGIES IN THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMBS. 277 



foot to the ventral aspect. 2. The attachments of homologous muscular masses may vary in 

 accordance with functional necessity and skeletal modifications, as seen in the insertion of the 

 extensor of the elbow into the postaxial ulna, of that of the knee into the preaxial tibia, or in 

 the origin of the long extensor of the fingers from the humerus, while that of the toes arises 

 from the leg -bones. 3. Nervous supply is undoubtedly the most valuable guide to muscular 

 homology, but is however not infallible, since variations in the nerve-supply of certain muscles 

 occur sometimes in man, and muscles which undoubtedly correspond are occasionally supplied 

 by different nerves in allied animals. (See D. J. Cunningham, " The Value of Nerve-Supply 

 in the Determination of Muscular Homologies and Anomalies," Journ. Anat., xxv, 1890.) 



In the subjoined table the most probable views as to the homological relations of the 

 muscles of the two limbs are presented ; but it is proper to state that, while rarseme cases the 

 resemblance is so obvious that there can be little doubt as to the correspondence indicated, yet in 

 others there is much uncertainty as to the morphological nature of the muscles compared, and 

 that anatomists are by no means agreed as to the manner in which the muscles of one limb 

 are represented in the other. 



TABLE OF MUSCULAR HOMOLOGIES IN THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMBS. 



I. MUSCLES PASSING PROM TRUNK TO LIMBS, AND FROM GIRDLE TO HUMERUS OR FEMUR. 



Uppc-r Limb. Lower Limb. 



Trapezius .... 



Cleido-mastoid 



Rhomboidei 



Levator anguli scapulge . 



Serratus magnus 



Deltoid 



Teres minor 

 Latissimus dorsi . 

 Teres major 



Pectoralis major . 



Pectoralis minor 

 Subclavius . 



Supraspinatus . 

 Infraspinatus 



Subscapularis . . . 



Coraco-brachialis 



- External oblique and lumbar aponeurosis. 



j 



i Tensor vaginae femoris. 



I Gluteal fascia. 



( Gluteus maximum, upper part. 



Gluteus maximus. larger part. 



\ Adductor longus. 

 \ Adductor brevis. 



Psoas. 



Iliacus. 



Pectineus. 

 i Gluteus medius. 



Gluteus minimus. 

 ( Pyriformis. 

 -' Obturator internus, with Gemelli. 

 ) Obturator externus. 

 I Quadratus femoris. 



Adductor magnus. 



Gracilis. 



II. MUSCLES OF THE ARM AND THIGH, PASSING OVER THE ELBOW- AND KNEE-JOINTS. 



Biceps flexor cubiti . 



Jilt literal li cad of Bia' 

 Brachialis anticus 



Triceps extensor cubiti 

 a. Scapular head 

 1>. Humeral heads 



Anconeus 



( Ischial head of Biceps cruris. 

 j Semitendinosus. 

 ( Semimembranosus. 



Femoral head of Biceps cruris. 



Sartorius. 



Quadriceps extensor cruris. 



a. Rectus femoris. 



b. Vasti and crureus. 



1 The names of muscles printed in italics are those of varieties more or less frequently found in 

 human anatomy. 



T 2 



