CONE-BEARERS. 57 



ized in the West, where cheap, strong, durable lumber is 

 desired. This is one of the first and most valuable dis- 

 coveries of David Douglas, on the Columbia River, 1825, 

 and it was early named for him as Finns Douglasii, subse- 

 quently changed to Abies Douglasii, and now, although 

 both the generic and specific name have suffered another 

 change, Douglas' name is properly retained for the En- 

 glish name of this noble tree. The Douglas Spruce has 

 fared badly in the matter of an English name until re- 

 cently, being in some localities called " Yellow Fir," if 

 the lumber happens to have that tint, or "Red Fir " when 

 of a darker color; but, worse than that, some lumber 

 dealers have called it " Oregon Pine." 



CORK-BARK DOUGLAS SPRUCE. Var. suberosa, Lemmon. 



Small trees with whitened, thick, corky bark, thin 

 foliage, and small, ovate cones, 1 to 2 inches long. On 

 mountains of Northern Arizona and New Mexico, at 

 elevations of about 9,000 feet. 1892. 



N"o. 2 Big-Cone Spruce - * macrocarpa, Lemmon. 

 P. Douglasii, Carr. Var. macrocarpa, Engelmann. 



Trees less symmetrical, longer-limbed, and never 

 attaining the size of the other species; cones remarka- 

 bly large, 5 to 7 inches long, 2 to 3 inches thick (when 

 opened), the large scales more convex and firmer than 

 the other species, and having twice as large seeds, 

 with J-inch wings. Quite local on the San Ber- 

 " nardino and neighboring mountains of Southern Cal- 

 ifornia. 



