THE DIPPERS OR WATER-OUZELS. 31 1 



iris pale brown, with a. ring of black in the middle. Total 

 length, 7 inches ; oilmen, 0*85 ; wing, 3-55 ; tail, 2*15 ; tarsus, 

 i'5- 



Adult Female. Like the male in colour, but rather browner, 

 and not so ashy on the sides of the body. Total length, 6 '6 

 inches ; wing, 3*3. 



Young. More mottled than the adults, the grey feathers of 

 the upper surface having blackish margins ; wings blackish, with 

 narrow whitish edgings to the coverts and quills ; head and 

 neck somewhat browner than the back, the feathers margined 

 with black; cheeks and entire under surface of body white, 

 with dusky brown or blackish edges to the feathers ; flank 

 feathers ashy-grey, with black margins ; under tail-coverts 

 blackish, with rufescent streaks and tips. 



Young in Autumn Plumage. After the first moult the young 

 birds much resemble the adults, but are much darker, especi- 

 ally the head and neck, which are deep chocolate-brown. The 

 rufous on the breast is not so bright, and is more brownish in 

 tint ; it is more confined to the breast, and does not extend so 

 far on to the abdomen as in the adult bird. 



Range in Great Britain. A bird of the mountain streams, found 

 in Devonshire and Cornwall, as well as Somersetshire, through- 

 out Wales, and northward from Derbyshire in suitable locali- 

 ties to Scotland, throughout which kingdom it is universally 

 distributed, as well as in the Outer Hebrides. In Ireland it is 

 also found in the same situations as in England and Scotland. 

 To the south-eastern counties of England the Dipper is chiefly 

 an occasional visitor, though Mr. Robert Read has recorded his 

 finding of the nest in Surrey (Zool., 1893 ; p. 308). 



Range outside the British Islands. The red-breasted form of 

 Dipper which inhabits Great Britain is found within a very 

 limited area on the continent of Europe. It appears to 

 extend over France and Germany in suitable localities only, 

 and it is also found in Holland and Belgium. In the Carpa- 

 thians and the Alps, as well as in the Pyrenees, it is replaced 

 by a race known as Cinclus albicollis, which is a paler and 

 greyer bird, with the rufous on the breast extending on to the 

 abdomen. 



