33 LLOYD'S NATURAT HISTORY. 



Clivicola europva, T. Forster, Syn. Cat. Brit. B., p. 58 (1817). 

 Cotile ripar.'a, B. O. U. List Br. B. 5 p. 44 (1883) ; Sharpe, Cat. 



B. Brit. Mus., x., p. 96 (1885); Saunders, Man., p. 159 



(1889). 

 GotyU riparia, Dresser, B. Eur., iil, p. 505, pi. 163 (1874); 



Newton, ed. Yarn, ii., p. 355 (1880); Lilford, Col. Fig. 



Brit. B., part in. (1886). 



Adult Male. Brown above, including the wings and tail ; 

 sides of face also brown ; cheeks and under surface of body 

 pure white, with a broad collar of dark brown feathe s across 

 the fore-neck ; sides of body also washed with brown ; under 

 wing-coverts and axillaries dark brown ; bill blackish-brown ; 

 feet dark brown ; iris hazel. Total length, 4-8 inches ; culmen, 

 0-3; wing, 4-25; tail, 2'i ; tarsus, 0-45. 



Adult Female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length, 

 5 inches ; wing, 4-2. 



Young. Like the adults, but readily distinguished by sandy- 

 rufous or whitish edgings to the feathers of the back and 

 wings ; throat slightly tinged with pale rufous. 



Range in Great Britain. Occurs everywhere throughout the 

 three kingdoms in suitable localities, and breeds. 



Range outside the British Islands. Breeds everywhere through- 

 out Europe, up to the highest point of Scandinavia, but in 

 lessening numbers in the north. It occurs commonly in 

 summer at Archangel, was met with by Messrs. Seebohm 

 and Harvie-Brown on the Petchora river, and is found 

 in the Urals up to 50 N. lat. Elsewhere in Europe and 

 Northern Asia it is a breeding bird, and extends right across to 

 Eastern Siberia. It is also distributed over the greater part of 

 North America during the breeding season, wintering in Cen- 

 tral and South America, and in the Old World it winters in 

 Burma and in India, and has been found in various localities 

 in Africa at the same season. 



HaMts. Arrives in England in April, and leaves in September, 

 seldom staying as late as October. Its nesting is conducted in 

 a different manner from that of the other two British Swallows, 

 for the Sand-Martin burrows in a hole in a bank, and makes its 



