APPENDIX. 7/5 



on the branch, developed scales dark, very hard with 

 strong reflexed prickles; seeds large, brown with broad 

 wings (discovered by Mrs. Lemmon and myself, 1887). 



Species distinguished by its characters of fruit and 

 foliage and by its far southern habitat, and its rela- 

 tively much lower altitude than the Jeffrey Pine of 

 California found at 4,000-6,000 feet. The contention that 

 the relatively lower altitude of the habitat of this tree 

 argues a distinct species is favored by the fact that with 

 every species of plant of wide range north and south, the 

 southern individuals will be found at a much higher alti- 

 tude than the northern, thus securing the average 

 temperature essential to the existence of the species. For 

 example, the Douglas Spruce is found abundantly around 

 Puget Sound nearly at the sea level, but it is a mountain 

 tree in California and sub-alpine in Arizona and Mexico. 



In this connection it may be stated that Professor Sargent 

 is more conservative in regard to admitting aberrant forms 

 to specific rank than Mr. Sud worth. For instance, he 

 regards Pinus Jeffreyi as only a variety of P. ponderosa, 

 and Pinus Murray ana as a form of P. contorta. Also he 

 regards Abies Shastensis as a variety of A. magnifica, and 

 Abies Lowiana, but a variety of A. concolor, and so 

 of many other forms lately admitted as species. The 

 conservative botanists, Hooker, Baker, Gray, "Watson, 

 Robinson, Bessey, Sargent, Muir, Meehan, Hillman, 

 Curran, Brandegee and others are largely outnumbered by 

 the progressive botanists, Dyer, Engelmann, Parry, Britton, 

 Greene, Sudworth, Mohr, Coulter, Spaulding, Heller, Mac- 

 Millan, Coulter, Rydberg, Scribner, Coville, Tuomey, 

 Trelease, Nelson, Henderson, Piper, Jepson, Davie, East- 

 wood, Dudley, Campbell, Orcutt, Parish and others. While 



