PREFACE. 



in human anatomy and physiology, but who are of necessity 

 able to make their study practical only through the dissec- 

 tion of the lower Vertebrates. 



The illustrations have been engraved by Mr. George E. 

 Lodge, after outline sketches of my own, chiefly from dissec- 

 tions or preparations made in the Biological Laboratory of 

 the University College, Bristol. The dissections and pre- 

 parations have in many cases been made in accordance with 

 instructions given, in text or figures, by previous authors 

 especially by Professor Howes, in his excellent Atlas of 

 Biology, by Professors Foster and Balfour in their Elemen- 

 tary Embryology, and by Professor T. J. Parker in his Zootomy. 

 In the few cases in which my indebtedness is more direct 

 I have placed the name of the author in brackets. With 

 hardly any exceptions they are to be regarded, not as 

 pictures, but as outline sketches, to serve as guides to prac- 

 tical work, and to be considered only in relation to the 

 actual objects displayed by dissection. In a few cases they 

 are to be looked upon as purely diagrammatic, to aid in the 

 comprehension of the text. In my opinion, the more widely 

 different such pure diagrams are from pictures the better. 



My sincere thanks are due, and are here most gratefully 

 tendered, to Professors W. K. Parker, F.E.S. ; G. B. Howes, 

 F.Z.S. ; William Ptamsay, Ph. D. ; and Mr. G. Munro Smith, 

 for valuable aid and advice. 



April 1887. C. LL. M. 



