Chap. III.] GENERAL ANATOMY. 



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Forth. 1 The subclavian muscles may next be %i^near the 

 sarina, and reflected on either side, and the reflected feps may 

 be removed. The body of the sternum will thus be exposed, 

 ind anterior to it the furcula (merrythought) and two largish 

 bones (coracoids), also belonging to the pectoral arch. With 

 strong scissors the hinder half of the body of the sternum on 

 either side of the carina may now be removed. A median sheet 

 )f membrane, the falciform ligament, will be seen to extend 

 forwards beneath (dorsal to) the carina, and the anterior and 

 posterior air-sacs may perhaps be seen. The rest of the body of 

 ;he sternum, its central keel, the furcula, and the greater part 

 )f the coracoids should now be removed with the utmost care, 

 kny clotted blood must be washed away, and the dissection 

 ileaned up by the removal of such muscle or connective tissue 

 is hides the relations of the heart, blood-vessels, and digestive 

 >rgans. The student may now make out the relations of the 

 riscera by turning them over and making such dissection of the 

 mrts as he may find necessary. 



1. The Alimentary System. In Fig. 20 the alimentary canal 

 ind its glands have been removed from the body and pinned out 

 50 as to display its parts. There are no large salivary glands 

 opening into the mouth. The gullet expands into a large crop, 

 :he walls of which, in the nursing bird, secrete a white nutritive 

 luid. Behind the crop the oesophagus is wide and thin-walled, 

 ind soon expands into the pink thicker-walled proventriculus, 

 which lies dorsal to the heart and liver, and is marked dotted in 

 Fig. 20 (Prov.) as if seen through the liver. This passes into the 

 rounded hard muscular gizzard (g.\ the cavity of which is small, 

 lined with horny matter, and generally contains small stones. 

 From the gizzard the duodenum (Du.} takes its origin at a point 

 near that at which the proventricular aperture is situated. The 

 iuodenum forms a U-shaped loop, within which lies the pancreas 

 (Pit.), a compact reddish gland having three ducts, two of which 

 enter the duodenum above dd, while the third enters near the 

 g on the gizzard. The two bile ducts are marked with dark 



1 They may be ligatured by tying two pieces of thread round each of them, 

 one-third of an inch apart, and then cut between the two threads. But the 

 operation is a somewhat difficult one. 



