THE SUBJECT CONTINUED. 211 



teral incident, not a means ; as the sheep, or ox, walks 

 over the pasture to crop it, but does not crop it by 

 walking. 



' And yet it was somewhat strange, too, that recog- 

 nition should have been so tardy, and accustomed 

 thought so ineradicable on this point, when we reflect 

 that modes of tillage already existed, so totally and 

 specifically different in action from all horse-worked 

 implements, as those both of the Spade and its more 

 ancient congener the Hoe;* and that the perpendicu- 

 lar and very effective action of these manual tools, 

 contrasted with the farm-implements of draught, 

 might have dimly suggested the possible discovery 

 of other means of cultivation as different from all 

 of these as they were from each other. Any one 

 who had ever seen a nutmeg rasped away into 

 fine atoms against the armed surface of a grater, 

 or sawdust scattered in heaps from timber by the 



* In the Southern Countries of Europe, as in Italy, Spain, 

 and Portugal, and in the offshoots of the latter, Madeira and 

 Brazil, the Hoe is the almost exclusive implement of (manual) 

 tillage. The Spade is, originally, a form of the Hoe, adapted 

 to more northerly elimates where the moistness of the soil in- 

 ereases the labour of cultivation by forbidding the tread of 

 the workman on the worked land, and obliges liim to stand 

 on the ' land-side * of the trench. 



p 2 



