88 



STUDIES ON APPLES. 



of water until the wash water gave no test for reducing sugar. The 

 resulting marc, amounting to 2.745 per cent of the ground fresh pulp, 

 was spread out in shallow pans and placed on a steam radiator, and, 

 after drying, was ground to a fine powder, exhausted with alcohol, and 

 then with ether in a Soxhiet's extractor. The alcohol removed any 

 sugar remaining in the marc, and the extractions which occur on the 

 skins of apples, namely, apple wax and a white solid, apple vitin/' 

 Ether then removed very little from the marc, chiefly green color- 

 ing matter. The ether was evaporated spontaneously and the marc 

 bottled. 



RESULTS OF ANALYSIS. 



Prepared as above, the marc was analyzed, with the following results: 

 TABLE VIII. Analysis of apple marc. 



a Dried at 100 to constant weight. 



b Method of Cross and Bevan, " Cellulose," p. 95. 



cNo starch was present, but the marc hydrolyzed by hydrochloric acid, as in the method for starch 

 (see p. 66), gave the above percentage of reducing sugar calculated as starch. 



dfiul. 65, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Dept. of Agr., p. 173; Cir. 7, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Dept. 

 Agr., revised edition, p. 1. 



e N X 6.25. 



/Twenty grams of marc were boiled with 400 cc of water under a return condenser for successive 

 periods of 1 hour each; the product was filtered after each boiling through a cloth bag, the residue 

 washed and returned to flask, and the nitrate evaporated and weighed. 



The actual amount dissolved may be somewhat higher than is indicated here, owing to hydration 

 (see footnote "/i)." 



A It will be noted that the sum of the residue and material extracted by boiling water is greater 

 than 100 per cent (101.71 per cent dry basis), probably indicating hydration of one or both of the 

 products. 



i Five grams of the air-dry marc were boiled with 200 cc of 1 per cent sodium hydroxid for one-half 

 hour, this being the first treatment described for the determination of cellulose by the chlorinution 

 method described by Cross and Bevan. 



It will be noted that 11.02 per cent (dry basis) is soluble in sodium 

 hydroxid, and not dissolved by the hot-water treatment. But it is 

 probable that longer treatment with boiling water would have removed 

 larger amounts. It seems impossible to make sharp separations. It 

 will also be noted that the lignin (removed by chlorin and sodium sul- 



Seifert, Landw. Versuchs. Stat., 1894, 45:29. 



