840 FOODS AND FOOD ADULTERANTS. 



gave a soap layer and a yellow, turbid solution. No. 8508A gave a soap layer aud a 

 very turbid solution, only faintly translucent. No. 8509A gave a soap layer and a 

 turbid mass which separated after twenty-four hours, showing a small portion of 

 liquid at bottom, opaque or only slightly translucent. No. 8495 gave a cake and a 

 turbid aqueous solution. No. 8499 behaved similarly, but the solution was more 

 transparent. Nos. 8508B,8508C,and 8508D gave a cake and an opaque yellow solu- 

 tion. Carnauba wax samples, Nos. 8546 and 8554, gave a cake and a perfectly clear 

 solution. 



(4) Boil a portion of wax with KOH solution and then add NaCl. Japan wax 

 gives a soap separating in fine grains : rosin or fatty substances give a flocculent 

 soap. 



No. 8506 gave a soap that was slightly granular. Solution below was colored yel- 

 low and was translucent. A Japan wax (No. 8543) gave a granular soap and aqueous 

 solution; on cooling set into a translucent jelly. Stearic acid gave a granular cake of 

 soap and a clear aqueous solution. Eosin gave a sticky soap, smelling of rosin, and a 

 clear brown solution. 



(4) Heat portion of wax until fumes are given off. Collect the fumes in a flask 

 and allow to condense. Dissolve in chloroform and evaporate the solution. Saponify 

 the residue with caustic soda. Pure wax should give a colored solution. Paraffin 

 gives a colorless solution, and on cooling separates on the surface as a cake. Another 

 portion of the chloroform solution should be evaporated on a microscope slide and 

 the residue examined. Wax gives a film ; paraffin star-shaped crystals. 



On heating, No. 8506 gave an odor 01 burning tallow. On saponifying the condensed 

 fumes, a mass of flocks floating in a clear yellow solution was obtained. Some light- 

 colored waxy matter floated on the surface. The microscopical test gave nothing defi- 

 nite. A paraffin sample (No. 8553) gave an odor of burning fat, and after saponifica- 

 tion a brown waxy cake formed on the surface of the solution, not differing greatly 

 from that formed with No. 8506. Microscopical test not satisfactory. A foundation, 

 No. 8493, also gave an odor of burning fat. On saponifying the fumes and cooling, a 

 few flocks appeared near the surface. Solution was colorless. Under the microscope 

 the film showed lines running in every direction and dividing it into small portions. 

 No. 8547, another paraffin, likewise gave the odor of burning fat. On saponification 

 there was formed a brown cake on the surface. The solution was colorless. Under 

 the microscope the film showed only a few irregular disks, but no star-shaped bodies. 



(5) Boil sample fifteen minutes with nitric acid, dilute with water, and add ex- 

 cess of ammonia. In presence of rosin this procedure gives a liquid colored reddish 

 brown or brownish red. 



A sample of rosin tested gave a fine red color. No. 8506 gave a yellow solution. 

 No. 8493 gave a faint red brown. Nos. 8497 and 8499 gave pale yellow solutions. 

 Nos. 8508A and 8508B gave faintly red-brown solutions. No. 8508C also gave a reddish 

 solution, but the color was fainter even than the preceding. No. 8509A gave a dis- 

 tinctly reddish brown solution, and 8509C one which was a little lighter in hue. To 

 a light colored foundation 5 per cent of rosin were added and the mixture tested 

 like the foregoing. The resulting solution was much darker in color than was given 

 by any of the fouudation samples tested. A carnauba wax (No. 8554) gave a brown 

 solution and another (No. 8552) one a brownish yellow. The wax left floating on the 

 surface after applying the method to the above two samples, on washing with hot 

 water and cooling, in both cases gave lemon-yellow cakes having a faint odor of 

 hydrocyanic acid. A ceresin sample (No. 8544) gave a yellow solution. 



(6) Boil 10 grams of wax in 1'20 grams water containing 1 gram sodium carbonate, 

 for one minute. Japan wax is saponified, but pure beeswax is not, by so weak an 

 alkali in so short a time. It is sometimes directed to use one gram of caustic potash 

 instead of the soda. 



No. 841)3 gave a pale yellow emulsion which did not separate on two hours stand- 

 ing. Nos. 8493, 8506, and 8509A behaved similarly. A Japan wax (No. 8608) gave a 



