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and winter migration in southern Norway, but has as yet never 

 been discovered nesting with us. 



Finally it may be mentioned, that in the summer of 1876, 

 Fisheries-Inspector Landmark found resident by Bors-Elv (in 

 Porsanger) a Warbler, which probably was the Asiatic A crocephalus 

 dumetorum ; it occurs now near Archangel, and has thus perhaps 

 already reached our territory. 



It remains to point out which species of birds are stationary 

 here, and are capable of enduring the long winter with the 

 rigorous weather and the short day-light, which prevails in these 

 northern latitudes. 



Of such species, the hardiest outposts of the bird-world on 

 the European continent, we may name, among the Tits the Lap- 

 land Tit and the. Northern Marsh-Tit ; among the Finch tribe the 

 Snow Bunting, the Mealy Redpoll (Linota linaria), and the Tree- 

 sparrow ; also, the Water-Ouzel ; and of the Crow tribe the 

 Raven, the Magpie, the Hooded Crow, and the Siberian Jay ; 

 lastly, among the Woodpeckers the Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, 

 and the Three-toed Woodpecker. 



Of gallinaceous birds, besides the two Ryper (Ptarmigan and 

 Willow Grouse), there is also the Capercaillie, but the Black 

 Grouse is wanting in the further districts of Finmarken, and the 

 Hazel Grouse does not pass the middle of Nordland (Ranen). 



Among the waders scarcely any other species are normally 

 stationary than the Purple Sandpiper (Tyinga striata) ; of rap- 

 torial birds the White-tailed Eagle, and the Osprey, the Gyrfal- 

 con, and a couple of Owls (the Snowy Owl and the Hawk Owl, 

 Surnia ulula), together with one or two individuals of our two 

 common species of hawk, viz. : the Sparrow-Hawk and Gos- 

 Hawk ; lastly, among the web-footed birds most of the Gulls, 

 the Eider-duck, the two species of Cormorant, as well as the 

 species of the Auk-tribe which have been already mentioned. 



Some of these winter-residents among the small birds we 

 shall touch on very briefly. In most of the fir woods, which in 

 the larger Fjords cover the shores or the sides of the valleys, 

 we shall frequently stumble upon a flock of Siberian Jays (Peri- 

 soreus infaustus), which with extended wings float about from tree 



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