278 BIRD LIFE IN ENGLAND. 



besides the confiscation of the game, a fine not exceeding 

 30 thalers, to be applied to the benefit of the poor-box of the 

 commune in which the offence is committed. 



RUSSIA. 



Paragraph 535 of the regulations respecting shooting 

 states in general terms that every landowner has the right 

 to shoot on his own lands, and on lands rented from the 

 crown (" Kazonnia Zemli"), subject to certain restrictions 

 as to the time of year when such right may be exercised. 



Par. 536 states that shootings on the lands of others is 

 permissible only with the written authorization of the owner. 



Pars. 537 and 538 prohibit the driving of beasts and birds 

 out of lands belonging to others, as also damaging places to 

 which birds resort on their flight ("ptitchi privali"), or 

 removing and carrying away traps, snares, etc., used for 

 catching birds and beasts. Birds' nests are not to be destroyed, 

 nor the eggs carried off. The only exception applies to the 

 nests of birds of prey. 



From 1st of March to St. Peter's day (29th June, o.s.) it 

 is strictly forbidden to shoot birds or beasts, both on private 

 lands and crown lands, or to catch game in pits, nets, nooses, 

 traps, or by the means of any other instrument whatsoever. 

 In the governments of St. Petersburg, Novgorod, and Pskoff, 

 the period of prohibition is extended to the 15th of July, o.s., 

 and an exception is made in respect of blackcock and caper- 

 cailzie, which may be lawfully shot in the spring during 

 calling-time. With a view to prevent the wanton destruction 

 of game in spring time, it is severely prohibited to carry into 

 the towns and there to sell any kind of game from the 1st of 

 March to the 1st of July, o.s. The town and district police, 

 as well as the starosts or other village authorities, are bound 

 to see this rule carried out. It may, however, be observed 

 here that it would not appear to be successfully enforced. 



Pars. 545 and 546 state that wild beasts and birds of prey 



