286 BIRD LIFE IN ENGLAND. 



holds a " permission-gratis " from the burgomaster of the 

 parish where he resides, to be produced on the first demand 

 of the properly qualified officer. 



Art. 45 condemns to seizure and confiscation the guns and 

 other implements (but not dogs) employed by any one 

 shooting or pursuing game in close time or other forbidden 

 times, or without a licence, or without permission from the 

 owner, or pursuing game in an unlawful manner. It like- 

 wise orders the confiscation of the game unlawfully killed, 

 exposed for sale, or removed. The offender has, however, 

 with certain exceptions, the option of retaining the objects 

 confiscated and paying their value. In case no seizure has 

 been actually effected, the offender has still to pay their 

 value as estimated by the magistrate with the aid of 

 evidence. 



It will be seen from the above that the game law of this 

 country resembles in many respects those of the British 

 Islands, and that where it differs it is generally in the sense 

 of greater protection to the game and more numerous restric- 

 tions on the sportsman. 



AMERICA. 



Before entering upon a consideration of the laws and 

 regulations throughout the United States which relate to 

 the protection of game and to trespass, it must be stated 

 that no general or uniform law governing the whole country 

 exists on either subject. Legislation on these and on kindred 

 matters lie beyond the domain of the Federal Congress, and 

 depends entirely on the legislature of each separate State. 

 In order, therefore, to arrive at the required information, it 

 has been necessary both to consult the several statute books 

 of the thirty-seven States, and also to make inquiries as to 

 the common law obtaining in different parts of the country. 

 This having been done, it has been ascertained that whilst 

 in every State there exist laws regarding trespass, it is only 



