Johannes de Garlandia. 59 



Neckam's. As the relations between the two 

 countries became closer and more regular, 

 the French improvements in horticulture and 

 additions to the flora were not long in find- 

 ing their way across the Channel. 



This worthy writer divides his grounds into 

 garden, shrubbery, wood, and grove ; so that, 

 as he was in the middle class of life, land 

 must have been cheap at that time, and 

 space of no moment. He mentions his 

 gardener (ortolamis], and tells us what the 

 latter cultivated in the way of kitchen herbs. 

 We learn that Magister Johannes grew not 

 only his own onions and cabbages, but his 

 own mustard. But the cardinal aim of 

 Master John was to render his strings of 

 names as long as possible, and he mixes 

 up fruit-trees and forest-trees, shrubs and 

 creepers, in a way which one can scarcely 

 suppose to be true to reality. In his wood 

 (nemus) he informs us that he had the 

 celsus bearing celsa, which his editor ex- 

 plains to be mulberries. Such, however, 

 is not likely to have been the case. As I 

 have hinted, the author's aim was lexico- 



