326 FARM ANIMALS 



combination of red and white, and sometimes a mix- 

 ture of the two colors, or roan. 



Beef animals of large bodies were originally considered 

 the most desirable, regardless of age or of other quali- 

 ties. The early breeders of the shorthorn sought to 

 develop a breed that should have some refinement of 

 bone and early maturing qualities while still retaining 

 considerable growthiness. 



The Colling brothers, who lived in England, are often 

 spoken of as the founders of this breed. The improve- 

 ment made by these men, and continued by the Booth 

 family, Thomas Bates, and Amos Cruikshank, dates 

 from about the year 1780. 



Thomas Bates devoted his energies toward improving 

 the dairy qualities of the breed. In this he was quite 

 successful. We have many herds of milking shorthorns 

 in this country as a result of his efforts to improve the 

 milk production of shorthorns. 



Amos Cruikshank of Aberdeen, Scotland, developed 

 a type of shorthorn that is known as Scotch and is 

 probably the most popular of any type of the breed. 

 The Scotch cattle are " broad and thick of back, deep 

 and compact of body, short of leg, heavy in flesh-pro- 

 ducing quality and early maturing." 



The Herefords, another English breed, produce 

 little milk, but are a hardy type that have thriven well 

 on western ranges in the past thirty years. They may 

 be recognized by their uniformly white heads and red 

 bodies. They are sometimes called the white faces. 

 Their coats are thick and curly and the breed make 

 good rustlers. They do not stand confinement so 

 well as the shorthorns. The dewlap is large and the 

 flesh is not always very thick on the rounds, but it is 



