II BIOLOGY AND THE STATE 75 



ments, in number and in kind, which exist in other 

 countries for the purpose of promoting the advance- 

 ment of biological science, and are wanting in this 

 country. 



In the German Empire, with a population of 

 45,000,000, there are twenty-one universities. These 

 universities are very different from anything which 

 goes by the name in this country. Amongst its other 

 arrangements devoted to the study and teaching of 

 all branches of learning and science, each university 

 has five institutes, or establishments, devoted to the 

 prosecution of researches in biological science. These 

 are respectively the physiological, the zoological, the 

 anatomical, the pathological, and the botanical. In 

 one of these universities of average size, each of the 

 institutes named consists of a spacious building con- 

 taining many rooms fitted as workshops, provided with 

 instruments, a museum, and, in the last instance, with 

 an experimental garden. All this is provided and 

 maintained by the State. At the head of each insti- 

 tute is the university professor respectively of physio- 

 logy, of zoology, of anatomy, of pathology, or of 

 botany. He is paid a stipend by the State, which in 

 the smallest university is as low as 120, but may be 

 in others as much as 700, and averages say 400 a 

 year. Considering the relative expenditure of the 

 professional classes in the two countries, this average 

 may be taken as equal to 800 a year in England. 1 



1 From the fact that the salaries of judges, civil servants, military 

 and naval officers, parsons and schoolmasters, as also the fees of physi- 

 cians and lawyers, are in Germany even less than half what is paid to 



