II BIOLOGY AND THE STATE 77 



income, quite independent of his stipend and of his 

 regular occupation in the laboratory : it is paid from 

 a separate source and for a separate object. There are 

 thus in the German Empire more than 100 such in- 

 stitutes devoted to the prosecution of biological dis- 

 covery, carried on at an annual cost to the State of 

 about 80,000, equal to about 160,000 in England, 

 providing posts of graduated value for 300 investiga- 

 tors, some of small value, sufficient to carry the young 

 student through the earlier portion of his career, 

 whilst he is being trained and acting as the assistant 

 of more experienced men others forming the sufficient 

 but not too valuable prizes which are the rewards of 

 continuous and successful labour. 



In addition to these university institutes, there 

 are in Germany such special laboratories of research, 

 with duly salaried staff of investigators, as the Imperial 

 Sanitary Institute of Berlin, and the large museums 

 of Berlin, Bremen, and other large towns, correspond- 

 ing to our own British Museum of Natural History. 



Moreover, we must be careful to note, in making 

 any comparison with the arrangements existing in 

 England, that there are, in addition to the universities 

 in Germany, a number of other educational institu- 

 tions, at least equal in number, which are known as 

 polytechnic schools, technical colleges, and agricultural 

 colleges. These furnish posts of emolument to a 

 limited number of biological students, who give 

 courses of instruction to their pupils, but they have 

 not the same arrangements for research as the uni- 

 versities, and are closely similar to those colleges 



